Life
During his childhood he was seriously ill for a time with diphtheria and received special instruction from his gifted mother, Eugénie Launois (1830-1897).
In 1862 Henri entered the Lycée in Nancy (now renamed the Lycée Henri Poincaré in his honour, along with the University of Nancy). He spent eleven years at the Lycée and during this time he proved to be one of the top students in every topic he studied. He excelled in written composition. His mathematics teacher described him as a "monster of mathematics" and he won first prizes in the concours général, a competition between the top pupils from all the Lycées across France. (His poorest subjects were music and physical education, where he was described as "average at best" (O'Connor et al., 2002). However, poor eyesight and a tendency towards absentmindedness may explain these difficulties (Carl, 1968). He graduated from the Lycée in 1871 with a Bachelor's degree in letters and sciences.
During the Franco-Prussian War of 1870 he served alongside his father in the Ambulance Corps.
Poincaré entered the École Polytechnique in 1873. There he studied mathematics as a student of Charles Hermite, continuing to excel and publishing his first paper (Démonstration nouvelle des propriétés de l'indicatrice d'une surface) in 1874. He graduated in 1875 or 1876. He went on to study at the École des Mines, continuing to study mathematics in addition to the mining engineering syllabus and received the degree of ordinary engineer in March 1879.
As a graduate of the École des Mines he joined the Corps des Mines as an inspector for the Vesoul region in northeast France. He was on the scene of a mining disaster at Magny in August 1879 in which 18 miners died. He carried out the official investigation into the accident in a characteristically thorough and humane way.
At the same time, Poincaré was preparing for his doctorate in sciences in mathematics under the supervision of Charles Hermite. His doctoral thesis was in the field of differential equations. Poincaré devised a new way of studying the properties of these equations. He not only faced the question of determining the integral of such equations, but also was the first person to study their general geometric properties. He realised that they could be used to model the behaviour of multiple bodies in free motion within the solar system. Poincaré graduated from the University of Paris in 1879.

Education
Soon after, he was offered a post as junior lecturer in mathematics at Caen University, but he never fully abandoned his mining career to mathematics. He worked at the Ministry of Public Services as an engineer in charge of northern railway development from 1881 to 1885. He eventually became chief engineer of the Corps de Mines in 1893 and inspector general in 1910.
Beginning in 1881 and for the rest of his career, he taught at the University of Paris (the Sorbonne). He was initially appointed as the maître de conférences d'analyse (associate professor of analysis) (Sageret, 1911). Eventually, he held the chairs of Physical and Experimental Mechanics, Mathematical Physics and Theory of Probability, and Celestial Mechanics and Astronomy.
Also in that same year, Poincaré married Miss Poulain d'Andecy. Together they had four children: Jeanne (born 1887), Yvonne (born 1889), Henriette (born 1891), and Léon (born 1893).
In 1887, at the young age of 32, Poincaré was elected to the French Academy of Sciences. He became its president in 1906, and was elected to the Académie française in 1909.
In 1887 he won Oscar II, King of Sweden's mathematical competition for a resolution of the three-body problem concerning the free motion of multiple orbiting bodies. (See #The three-body problem section below)
In 1893 Poincaré joined the French Bureau des Longitudes, which engaged him in the synchronisation of time around the world. In 1897 Poincaré backed an unsuccessful proposal for the decimalisation of circular measure, and hence time and longitude (see Galison 2003). It was this post which led him to consider the question of establishing international time zones and the synchronisation of time between bodies in relative motion. (See #Work on Relativity section below)
In 1899, and again more successfully in 1904, he intervened in the trials of Alfred Dreyfus. He attacked the spurious scientific claims of some of the evidence brought against Dreyfus, who was a Jewish officer in the French army charged with treason by anti-Semitic colleagues.
In 1912 Poincaré underwent surgery for a prostate problem and subsequently died from an embolism on July 17, 1912, in Paris. He was aged 58. He is buried in the Poincaré family vault in the Cemetery of Montparnasse, Paris.
The French Minister of Education, Claude Allegre, has recently (2004) proposed that Poincaré be reburied in the Panthéon in Paris, which is reserved for French citizens only of the highest honour.

Career
Poincaré made many contributions to different fields of pure and applied mathematics such as: celestial mechanics, fluid mechanics, optics, electricity, telegraphy, capillarity, elasticity, thermodynamics, potential theory, quantum theory, theory of relativity and physical cosmology.
He was also a populariser of mathematics and physics and wrote several books for the lay public.
Among the specific topics he contributed to are the following:

algebraic topology
the theory of analytic functions of several complex variables
the theory of abelian functions
algebraic geometry
Poincaré was responsible for formulating one of the most famous problems in mathematics. Known as the Poincaré conjecture, it is a problem in topology.
Poincaré recurrence theorem
Hyperbolic geometry
number theory
the three-body problem
the theory of diophantine equations
the theory of electromagnetism
the special theory of relativity
In an 1894 paper, he introduced the concept of the fundamental group.
In the field of differential equations Poincaré has given many results that are critical for the qualitative theory of differential equations, for example the Poincaré sphere and the Poincaré map.
Poincaré on "everybody's belief" in the Normal Law of Errors (see normal distribution for an account of that "law") Work
The problem of finding the general solution to the motion of more than two orbiting bodies in the solar system had eluded mathematicians since Newton's time. This was known originally as the three-body problem and later the n-body problem, where n is any number of more than two orbiting bodies. The n-body solution was considered very important and challenging at the close of the nineteenth century. Indeed in 1887, in honour of his 60th birthday, Oscar II, King of Sweden, advised by Gösta Mittag-Leffler, established a prize for anyone who could find the solution to the problem. The announcement was quite specific:
In case the problem could not be solved, any other important contribution to classical mechanics would then be considered to be prizeworthy. The prize was finally awarded to Poincaré, even though he did not solve the original problem. One of the judges, the distinguished Karl Weierstrass, said, "This work cannot indeed be considered as furnishing the complete solution of the question proposed, but that it is nevertheless of such importance that its publication will inaugurate a new era in the history of celestial mechanics." (The first version of his contribution even contained a serious error; for details see the article by Diacu). The version finally printed contained many important ideas which lead to the theory of chaos. The problem as stated originally was finally solved by Karl F. Sundman for n = 3 in 1912 and was generalised to the case of n > 3 bodies by Qiudong Wang in the 1990s.

The three-body problem

Main article: Lorentz ether theory Work on relativity
Poincaré's work at the Bureau des Longitudes on establishing international time zones led him to consider how clocks at rest on the Earth, which would be moving at different speeds relative to absolute space (or the "luminiferous aether"), could be synchronised. At the same time Dutch theorist Hendrik Lorentz was developing Maxwell's theory into a theory of the motion of charged particles ("electrons" or "ions"), and their interaction with radiation. He had introduced the concept of local time

and was using it to explain the failure of optical and electrical experiments to detect motion relative to the aether (see Michelson-Morley experiment). Poincaré (1900) discussed Lorentz's "wonderful invention" of local time and remarked that it arose when moving clocks are synchronised by exchanging light signals assumed to travel with the same speed in both directions in a moving frame. In "The Measure of Time" (Poincaré 1898), he discussed the difficulty of establishing simultaneity at a distance and concluded it can be established by convention. He also discussed the "postulate of the speed of light", and formulated the principle of relativity, according to which no mechanical or electromagnetic experiment can discriminate between a state of uniform motion and a state of rest.
Thereafter, Poincaré was a constant interpreter (and sometimes friendly critic) of Lorentz's theory. Poincaré as a philosopher, was interested in the "deeper meaning". Thus he interpreted Lorentz's theory in terms of the principle of relativity and in so doing he came up with many insights that are now associated with special relativity.

Local time
In 1900 Henri Poincaré studied the conflict between the action/reaction principle and Lorentz ether theory. He tried to determine whether the center of gravity still moves with a uniform velocity when electromagnetic fields are included. He noticed that the action/reaction principle does not hold for matter alone, but that the electromagnetic field has its own momentum. The electromagnetic field energy behaves like a fictitious fluid ("fluide fictif") with a mass density of E/c² and velocity c. If the center of mass frame is defined by both the mass of matter and the mass of the fictitious fluid, and if the fictitious fluid is indestructible--it's neither created or destroyed--- then the motion of the center of mass frame remains uniform.
But electromagnetic energy can be converted into other forms of energy. So Poincaré assumed that there exists a non-electric energy fluid at each point of space, into which electromagnetic energy can be transformed and which also carries a mass proportional to the energy. In this way, the motion of the center of mass remains uniform. Poincaré said that one should not be too surprised by these assumptions, since they are only mathematical fictions.

Inertia of energy
In 1905 Poincaré wrote to Lorentz

Lorentz transformation
Poincaré's work in the development of special relativity is well recognised (e.g. Darrigol 2004), though most historians stress that despite many similarities with Einstein's work, the two had very different research agendas and interpretations of the work (see Galison 2003 and Kragh 1999). A minority go much further, such as the historian of science Sir Edmund Whittaker, who held that Poincaré and Lorentz were the true discoverers of Relativity (Whittaker 1953). Poincaré consistently credited Lorentz's achievements, ranking his own contributions as minor. Thus, he wrote: "Lorentz has tried to modify his hypothesis so as to make it in accord with the postulate of complete impossibility of measuring absolute motion. He has succeeded in doing so in his article [Lorentz 1904]. The importance of the problem has made me take up the question again; the results that I have obtained agreement on all important points with those of Lorentz; I have been led only to modify or complete them on some points of detail." (Poincaré 1905) [emphasis added]. In an address in 1909 on "The New Mechanics", Poincaré discussed the demolition of Newton's mechanics brought about by Max Abraham and Lorentz, without mentioning Einstein. In one of his last essays entitled "The Quantum Theory" (1913), when referring to the Solvay Conference, Poincaré again described special relativity as the "mechanics of Lorentz":
On the other hand, in a memoir written as a tribute after Poincaré's death, Lorentz readily admitted the mistake he had made and credited Poincaré's achievements:
I have not established the principle of relativity as rigorously and universally true. Poincaré, on the other hand, has obtained a perfect invariance of the electro-magnetic equations, and he has formulated 'the postulate of relativity', terms which he was the first to employ. [...] Poincaré remarks [..] that if one considers x,y,z, and as the coordinates of a space of four dimensions, the transformations of relativity are reduced to rotations in that space. [emphasis added]
In summary, Poincaré regarded the mechanics as developed by Lorentz in order to obey the principle of relativity as the essence of the theory, while Lorentz stressed that perfect invariance was first obtained by Poincaré. The modern view is inclined to say that the group property and the invariance are the essential points.

Assessments
Poincaré's work habits have been compared to a bee flying from flower to flower. Poincaré was interested in the way his mind worked; he studied his habits and gave a talk about his observations in 1908 at the Institute of General Psychology in Paris. He linked his way of thinking to how he made several discoveries.
The mathematician Darboux claimed he was un intuitif (intuitive), arguing that this is demonstrated by the fact that he worked so often by visual representation. He did not care about being rigorous and disliked logic. He believed that logic was not a way to invent but a way to structure ideas and that logic limits ideas.

Character
Poincaré's mental organisation was not only interesting to Poincaré himself but also to Toulouse, a psychologist of the Psychology Laboratory of the School of Higher Studies in Paris. Toulouse wrote a book entitled Henri Poincaré (1910). In it, he discussed Poincaré's regular schedule:
However, these abilities were somewhat balanced by his shortcomings:
In addition, Toulouse stated that most mathematicians worked from principles already established while Poincaré started from basic principles each time. (O'Connor et al., 2002)
His method of thinking is well summarised as:
Habitué à négliger les détails et à ne regarder que les cimes, il passait de l'une à l'autre avec une promptitude surprenante et les faits qu'il découvrait se groupant d'eux-mêmes autour de leur centre étaient instantanément et automatiquement classés dans sa mémoire. (He neglected details and jumped from idea to idea, the facts gathered from each idea would then come together and solve the problem.) (Belliver, 1956)

He worked during the same times each day in short periods of time. He undertook mathematical research for four hours a day, between 10 a.m. and noon then again from 5 p.m. to 7 p.m.. He would read articles in journals later in the evening.
His normal work habit was to solve a problem completely in his head, then commit the completed problem to paper.
He was ambidextrous and nearsighted.
His ability to visualise what he heard proved particularly useful when he attended lectures since his eyesight was so poor that he could not see properly what his lecturers were writing on the blackboard.
He was physically clumsy and artistically inept.
He was always in a rush and disliked going back for changes or corrections.
He never spent a long time on a problem since he believed that the subconscious would continue working on the problem while he consciously worked on another problem. Toulouse' characterisation
Although a brilliant researcher, Poincaré was resistant to contributions from mathematicians like Georg Cantor and saw mathematical work in economics and finance as peripheral. In 1900 Poincaré commented on Louis Bachelier's thesis "The Theory of Speculation", saying: "M. Bachelier has evidenced an original and precise mind [but] the subject is somewhat remote from those our other candidates are in the habit of treating." (Bernstein, 1996, p.199-200) However, Bachelier's work explained what was then the French government's pricing options on French Bonds and anticipated many of the pricing theories in financial markets used even today.

Shortcomings
Awards
Named after him

Oscar II, King of Sweden's mathematical competition (1887)
American Philosophical Society 1899
Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society of London (1900)
Bolyai prize in 1905
Matteucci Medal 1905
French Academy of Sciences 1906
Académie Française 1909
Bruce Medal (1911)
Poincaré Prize (Mathematical Physics International Prize)
Annales Henri Poincaré (Scientific Journal)
Poincaré Seminar (nicknamed "Bourbaphy")
Poincaré crater (on the Moon)
Asteroid 2021 Poincaré Honours
Poincaré's major contribution to algebraic topology was Analysis situs (1895), which was the first real systematic look at topology.
He published two major works that placed celestial mechanics on a rigorous mathematical basis:
In popular writings he helped establish the fundamental popular definitions and perceptions of science by these writings:

New Methods of Celestial Mechanics ISBN 1563961172 (3 vols., 1892-99; Eng. trans., 1967)
Lessons of Celestial Mechanics. (1905-10).
Science and Hypothesis, 1902. (complete text online in English)
The Value of Science, 1905. (complete text online in French))
Science and Method, 1908. (complete text online in French)
Last Essays, 1913. (complete text online in English) Publications
Poincaré had the opposite philosophical views of Bertrand Russell and Gottlob Frege, who believed that mathematics was a branch of logic. Poincaré strongly disagreed, claiming that intuition was the life of mathematics. Poincaré gives an interesting point of view in his book Science and Hypothesis:
For a superficial observer, scientific truth is beyond the possibility of doubt; the logic of science is infallible, and if the scientists are sometimes mistaken, this is only from their mistaking its rule.
Poincaré believed that arithmetic is a synthetic science. He argued that Peano's axioms cannot be proven non-circularly with the principle of induction (Murzi, 1998), therefore concluding that arithmetic is a priori synthetic and not analytic. Poincaré then went on to say that mathematics cannot be deduced from logic since it is not analytic. His views were the same as those of Kant (Kolak, 2001). However Poincaré did not share Kantian views in all branches of philosophy and mathematics. For example, in geometry, Poincaré believed that the structure of non-Euclidean space can be known analytically.

Philosophy

Poincaré–Bendixson theorem
Poincaré–Birkhoff–Witt theorem
Poincaré half-plane model
Poincaré symmetry
Poincaré–Hopf theorem
Poincaré metric
Poincaré duality
Poincaré group
Poincaré map
Institut Henri Poincaré, Paris
History of special relativity
Relativity priority dispute
Poincaré Conjecture Notes
This article incorporates material from Jules Henri Poincaré on PlanetMath, which is licensed under the GFDL.

Biography
Crichton's works are frequently cautionary in that his plots often portray scientific advancements going awry, commonly resulting in worst-case scenarios. A notable recurring theme in Crichton's plots is the pathological failure of complex systems and their safeguards, whether biological ("Jurassic Park"), military/organisational ("The Andromeda Strain") or cybernetic ("Westworld"). This theme of the inevitable breakdown of "perfect" systems and the failure of "failsafe measures" can be seen strongly in the poster for "Westworld" (slogan: "Where nothing can possibly go worng .." (sic) ) and in the discussion of chaos theory in "Jurassic Park".
The use of author surrogate has been a feature of Crichton's writings since the beginning of his career. In A Case of Need, one of his pseudonymous whodunit stories, Crichton used first-person narrative to portray the hero, a Bostonian pathologist, who is running against the clock to clear a friend's name from medical malpractice in a girl's death from a hack job abortion.
That book was written in 1968, nearly five years before the landmark case that legalized abortion nationwide in the US, Roe v. Wade (1973). It took the hero about 160 pages to find the chief suspect, an underground abortionist, who was created to be the author surrogate. Then, Crichton gave that character three pages to justify his illegal practice.
Some of Crichton's fiction uses a literary technique called false document. For example, Eaters of the Dead is a fabricated recreation of the Old English epic Beowulf in the form of a scholarly translation of Ahmad ibn Fadlan's tenth century manuscript. Other novels, such as The Andromeda Strain and Jurassic Park, incorporate fictionalized scientific documents in the form of diagrams, computer output, DNA sequences, footnotes and bibliography. However, some of his novels actually include authentic published scientific works to illustrate his point, as can be seen in 'State of Fear.'

Literary techniques

Fiction
Apart from fiction, Crichton has written several other books based on scientific themes, amongst which is Travels, which also contains autobiographical episodes.
As a personal friend to the Neo-Dadaist artist Jasper Johns, Crichton compiled many of his works in a coffee table book also named Jasper Johns. That book has been updated once.
Crichton is also the author of Electronic Life, a book that introduces BASIC programming to its readers. In his words, being able to program a computer is liberation:
In my experience, you assert control over a computer—show it who's the boss—by making it do something unique. That means programming it....[I]f you devote a couple of hours to programming a new machine, you'll feel better about it ever afterward.
To prove his point, Crichton included many self-written demonstrative Applesoft (for Apple II) and BASICA (for IBM PC compatibles) programs in that book. Crichton once considered updating it, but the project seemed to be canceled.
His non-fiction works are:

Non-fiction
Crichton has written and directed several motion pictures:
Pursuit is a TV movie written and directed by Crichton that is based on his novel Binary.
Westworld was the first feature film that used 2D computer-generated imagery (CGI) and the first use of 3D CGI was in its sequel, Futureworld (1976), which featured a computer-generated hand and face created by then University of Utah graduate students Edwin Catmull and Fred Parke.
Crichton directed the film Coma, adapted from a Robin Cook novel. There are other similarities in terms of genre and the fact that both Cook and Crichton are physicians, are of similar age, and write about similar subjects.
Many of his novels have been filmed by others:
He has written the screenplay for the movies Extreme Close Up (1973) and Twister (1996) (the latter co-written with Anne-Marie Martin, his wife at the time).
Crichton is also the creator and executive producer of the television drama ER. In December 1994, he achieved the unique distinction of having the #1 movie (Jurassic Park), the #1 TV show (ER), and the #1 book (Disclosure, atop the paperback list). Crichton has written only three episodes of ER:

Episode 1-1: "24 Hours"
Episode 1-2: "Day One"
Episode 1-3: "Going Home" Movies and television
Amazon is a graphical text adventure game created by Michael Crichton and produced by John Wells under Trillium Corp. Amazon was released in the United States in 1984 and it runs on Apple II, Atari ST, Commodore 64, and the DOS systems. Amazon was considered by some to be a breakthrough in the way it updated text adventure games by adding color graphics and music. It sold more than 100,000 copies, making it a significant commercial success at the time.
In 1999, Crichton founded Timeline Computer Entertainment with David Smith. Despite signing a multi-title publishing deal with Eidos Interactive, only one game was ever published, Timeline. Released on 8 December 2000 for the PC, the game received poor reviews and sold poorly.

Computer games

Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel, 1969 (A Case of Need; written as Jeffrey Hudson)
Association of American Medical Writers Award, 1970 (Five Patients)
Mystery Writers of America's Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Motion Picture Screenplay, 1980 (The Great Train Robbery)
The American Association of Petroleum Geologists Journalism Award, 2006 (State of Fear)
A dinosaur, Crichtonsaurus bohlini, was named after him in honor of Jurassic Park[3].
Crichton was named to the list of the "Fifty Most Beautiful People" by People magazine, 1992 Awards

Speeches
In 2003 he gave a controversial lecture at Caltech entitled "Aliens Cause Global Warming" [4] in which he expressed his views of the danger of "consensus science" — especially with regard to what he regards as popular but disputed theories such as nuclear winter, the dangers of second-hand smoke, and the global warming controversy. Crichton has been critical of widespread belief in ETs and UFOs, citing the fact that there is no conclusive proof of their existence. Crichton stated that "The Drake equation cannot be tested and therefore SETI is not science. SETI is unquestionably a religion." Crichton has commented that belief in purported scientific theories without a factual basis is more akin to faith than science.

"Aliens Cause Global Warming"
In a related speech given to the Commonwealth Club of California, called "Environmentalism as a religion" [5] (see Radical environmentalism), Crichton described what he sees as similarities between the structure of various religious views (particularly Judeo-Christian dogma) and the beliefs of many modern urban atheists who he asserts have romantic ideas about Nature and our past, who he thinks believe in the initial "paradise", the human "sins", and the "judgment day". He also articulates his belief that it is the tendency of modern environmentalists to cling stubbornly to elements of their faith in spite of what he would contend is evidence to the contrary. Crichton cites what he contends are misconceptions about DDT, second-hand smoke, and global warming as examples.

Environmentalism as a religion
In a speech entitled "Why Speculate?", [6] delivered in 2002 to the International Leadership Forum, Crichton criticized the media for engaging in what he saw as pointless speculation rather than the delivery of facts. As an example, he pointed to a front-page article of the March 6 New York Times that speculated about the possible effects of U.S. President George W. Bush's decision to impose tariffs on imported steel. Crichton also singled out Susan Faludi's book Backlash for criticism, saying that it "presented hundreds of pages of quasi-statistical assertions based on a premise that was never demonstrated and that was almost certainly false". He referred to what he calls the "Murray Gell-Mann Amnesia Effect" to describe the public's tendency to discount one story in a newspaper they may know to be false because of their knowledge of the subject, but believe the same paper on subjects with which they are unfamiliar. Crichton used the Latin expression falsus in uno, falsus in omnibus, which he translated as "untruthful in one part, untruthful in all", to describe what he thought should be a more appropriate reaction. The speech also made several references to Crichton's skepticism of environmentalists' assertions about the possible future ramifications of human activity on the Earth's environment.

Widespread speculation in the media
In September 2005 Crichton testified at a Congressional hearing on climate change, having been called by Senator James Inhofe, a well-known disbeliever in global climate change (he's called global warming "the greatest hoax ever perpetrated on the American people" [7]), to advise the Environment and Public Works Committee. In introducing himself to the committee, Crichton gave his credentials:
I am Michael Crichton, known to most people as the author of Jurassic Park and the creator of the television series ER. My academic background includes degrees from Harvard College and Harvard Medical School; I was a visiting lecturer in Physical Anthropology at Cambridge University; and a post-doctoral fellow at the Salk Institute, where I worked on media and science policy with Jacob Bronowski.
Crichton spoke on issues such as the role of science in policy making, criticisms of climate-change researcher Michael Mann and what Crichton claimed was the deliberate obstruction of research into the subject by some in the scientific community. [8]
Criticism
In his 2006 novel Next (released November 28th), Crichton introduces a character named "Mick Crowley" who is a Yale graduate and a Washington D.C.-based political columnist. "Crowley" is portrayed by Crichton as a child molester. The character is a minor one who does not appear elsewhere in the book.[12]
A real person named Michael Crowley is also a Yale graduate, and a senior editor of The New Republic, a Washington D.C.-based political magazine. In March 2006, the real Crowley wrote an article strongly critical of Crichton for his stance on global warming in State of Fear. [13]

The Jin Mao Building or Jin Mao Tower (Chinese: 金茂大厦; Pinyin: Jīn Mào Dàshà; literally "Golden Prosperity Building") is an 88-story landmark skyscraper in the Lujiazui area of the Pudong district of Shanghai, People's Republic of China. It contains offices and the Shanghai Grand Hyatt hotel. As of 2005, it is the tallest building in the PRC, the fifth tallest in the world by roof height and the seventh tallest by pinnacle height. Along with the Oriental Pearl Tower, it is a centerpiece of the Pudong skyline. It will be surpassed in 2008 by the Shanghai World Financial Center.

Occupants
The building's anchor tenant is the five-star, 555-room Shanghai Grand Hyatt hotel which occupies floors 53 to 87. It is the highest hotel in the world in terms of distance from the ground, however the tallest building to be used exclusively as a hotel is the Burj Al Arab in Dubai (excluding the taller Ryugyong Hotel which was never in use). Additionally, the world's longest laundry chute runs down the full length of the tower to the basement, and incorporates buffers to slow down the laundry during its descent.
The Hyatt's famous barrel-vaulted atrium starts at the 56th floor and extends upwards to the 87th. Lined with 28 annular corridors and staircases arrayed in a spiral, it is 27m in diameter with a clear height of approximately 115m. It is one of the tallest atriums in the world, the tallest being Burj Al Arab's.
The hotel floors also feature:
The 88th floor (not part of the hotel) houses the Skywalk, a 1,520m² indoor observation deck with a capacity of 1,000+ people. In addition to the panoramic views of Shanghai, it offers a topside view of the hotel atrium below. It also includes a small post office. Access is through two express elevators from the basement that travel at 9.1m/s and take 45 seconds to reach the top. As of 2007 admission costs RMB 70 (approx. US$9), half for children.
Levels 89-93, which occupy the building's spire, are mechanical floors not accessible to the public. They are illuminated in bright white at night.

53/F: The Piano Bar, a jazz club.
54/F: The hotel lobby and Grand café, served by an express elevator from the tower's ground floor.
55/F: Canton, a high-end Cantonese restaurant that takes up the entire floor.
56/F: On Fifty-Six, a collection of restaurants including The Grill, the Italian Cucina, the Japanese Kobachi, and the Pati which is inside the atrium base.
57/F: Club Oasis, a fitness club featuring the world's highest swimming pool.
85/F: Highest rooms; this is also a transfer level for the elevators going to the two floors above.
86/F: Club Jin Mao, a Shanghainese restaurant.
87/F: Cloud 9, the world's highest bar (although higher restaurants exist), with a split-level mezzanine called the Sky Lounge. It is chosen by some visitors as a comfortable alternative to the observation deck above, since the lowest-priced drinks are the same price as the admission to the deck. Possibly in response to this, the hotel sets a RMB 120 (+15% service) minimum charge. Events

List of skyscrapers
List of the world's tallest structures

A myriad is an area 100 km x 100 km square.
The term has a particular use in connection with the British Ordnance Survey national grid, where the grid is divided into 100km x 100km squares, each with a two letter prefix. For example, prefix TL refers to the myriad 500km east and 200km north of the grid origin.
A myriad contains 100 hectads

Ajith Kumar (Tamil: அஜித் குமார்) born in Hyderabad, India on May 1, 1971) is a Tamil film actor.

Early life and education
Ajith started his film career at the age of 21 as a actor Telugu movie Prema Pustagam in 1992.

Film career
Ajith's first big budget venture Godfather was with Shalini and Naseer, but only after Agathiyan's Vaanmathi and particularly the National Award winning Kadhal Kottai, which established him as an accomplished actor in Kollywood. Kadhal Kottai grossed almost Rs.100 million at the box office playing for 240 days. Ajith later played in Amitabh Bachchan's debut Tamil production

1995-2000
In 2001, Ajith played the role of Shahrukh Khan's brother in the historical film Asoka. He began the year with Dheena by A.R. Murugadas. This showed Ajith as a rowdy alongside Suresh Gopi and Laila. Several movies followed: among them the Citizen opposite Vasundhara Das; romantic entertainers like Poovellam Un Vasam and Raja opposite Jyothika and the action tale Red.

2000-2005
By contrast, in 2006, Ajith acted in 2 hits and 1 blockbuster projects, Paramasivan.

2005 to Present

Personal life
In early 1999, he began dating his Amarkalam co-star Shalini. Ajith's involvement with Shalini also made him a regular subject of tabloid gossip then, a role to which he was unaccustomed. After their marriage in the year 2000, Shalini retired as an actress and became a full time homemaker. In 2007, it was announced that the pair was set to have a baby later in the year.

Relationships and family

Motor racing career
Ajith is a professional motorcyclist who drove in circuits around India in places such as Mumbai, Chennai and Delhi. He had also been abroad in his various races including Germany and Malaysia. He drove in the Formula 3 for the team Mango Racing. Charity Work
Ajith is an ambassador for the Green Revolution, an awareness campaign and effort to clean up the Chennai environment. He uses his films for subtle marketing of his ideas, and planted 101 saplings in his locality in Adyar, Chennai.

Ambassador For The Green Revolution
Ajith created this non-profit organisation named after his parents in order to promote self-hygiene and civic consciousness, and helping to ease the problems of urban sprawl.

Awards

Elocution is the study of formal speaking in pronunciation, grammar, style, and tone.

Sample curriculum

Philology
Diction

The culture of Russia is a hybrid one created from the cultures of the nationalities of this multinational state and the result of development over several distinct epochs.
Historically, the dominating position in Russia is occupied by the Russian culture, the culture of Russian language and Russian nationality; this is partly because Russians constitute the vast majority of the population in the country, and partly because many times in the History of Russia the cultures of other nationalities were suppressed through russification, see for instance Ems Ukaz.
The politics of the Soviet Union with respect to culture was controversial: on one side there was a politically-motivated desire to create a "Soviet people", which was expressed in the notion of Soviet culture, exemplified by Socialist Realism. From the other side there were periodical campaigns of preservation of national cultures: every ethnicity had "great national writers" and folk cultural practices were officially supported.
Some sources claim Cynicism is the state ideology of Russia, where others emphasize a curious blend of nostalgia, grandeur and a banal form for sentimentality.

Architecture of Russia
List of Russians
Russian music

• Music of Russia
  Russian architecture
  Russian cuisine
  Russian humour
  Russian literature
  
  
  
  • List of Russian language poets
    Russian formalism
    Russian folklore
    Rugby league in Russia
    Rugby union in Russia
    Religion in Russia
    Public holidays in Russia

Pospiviroidae Avsunviroidae
Viroids are plant pathogens that consist of a short stretch (a few hundred nucleobases) of highly complementary, circular, single-stranded RNA without the protein coat that is typical for viruses. The smallest so far is a 220 nucleobase scRNA (small cytoplasmic RNA) associated with the rice yellow mottle sobemovirus (RYMV)
Viroid RNA does not code for any known protein; some even lack the AUG initiation codon. The replication mechanism involves interaction with RNA polymerase II, an enzyme normally associated with synthesis of messenger RNA, and "rolling circle" synthesis of new RNA. Some viroids are ribozymes, having RNA enzyme properties which allow self-cleavage and ligation of unit-size genomes from larger replication intermediates. It has been proposed that viroids are "escaped introns".
Viroids are usually transmitted by seed or pollen. Infected plants can show distorted growth. The first viroid to be identified was the Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd). Some 33 species have been identified.
Primary and secondary structure of the PSTVd viroid:
1 CGGAACUAAA CUCGUGGUUC CUGUGGUUCA CACCUGACCU CCUGAGCAGA AAAGAAAAAA
61 GAAGGCGGCU CGGAGGAGCG CUUCAGGGAU CCCCGGGGAA ACCUGGAGCG AACUGGCAAA
121 AAAGGACGGU GGGGAGUGCC CAGCGGCCGA CAGGAGUAAU UCCCGCCGAA ACAGGGUUUU
181 CACCCUUCCU UUCUUCGGGU GUCCUUCCUC GCGCCCGCAG GACCACCCCU CGCCCCCUUU
241 GCGCUGUCGC UUCGGCUACU ACCCGGUGGA AACAACUGAA GCUCCCGAGA ACCGCUUUUU
301 CUCUAUCUUA CUUGCUUCGG GGCGAGGGUG UUUAGCCCUU GGAACCGCAG UUGGUUCCU

Viroids and RNA silencing

Virus
Virusoid
Virus classification
Satellite (biology)
Prion

To protect the population against the ill effects of air attack, the Civil Defence Service was initiated in Great Britain by the Home Office in 1935. A department was formed called Air Raid Precautions, from which, in 1938, the ARP was organized.
The ARP services included:
(including First Aid Parties, ambulance, Emergency Mortuary) services.
A support service was founded also in 1938 called WVS (Women's Volunteer Service), and in 1941 the Fire Guard service (intended to report fires and deal with individual incendiary bombs) was set up. The WVS had many functions but was best known for its work in running and operating the Mobile Canteens and Rest Centres.
Associated with the ARP, but independent in organisation were:
Initially members of the ARP were supplied with arm bands and a steel helmet, but by 1941 most member had a blue battledress, or overalls. Branch and rank were painted on the steel helmet, usually by letters and rings ("W" for warden, "R" for Rescue).

Report & control of incidents;
Messenger & Warden service; Rescue,
repair & demolition;
Anti-gas service;
Casualty
the Police, including the Auxiliary Police;
the Fire Services, both National Fire Service (NFS) and Auxiliary Fire Service (AFS):
the Health Services.

A contractual term is "[a]ny provision forming part of a contract" Each term gives rise to a contractual obligation, breach of which will can give rise to litigation. Not all terms are stated expressly and some terms carry less legal gravity as they are peripheral to the objectives of the contract.

Classification of term
Status as a term is important as a party can only take legal action for the non fulfillment of a term as opposed to representations or mere puffs. Legally speaking only statements that amount to a term create contractual obligations. Statements can be split into the following types:
There are various factor that a court may take into account in determining the nature of a statement. These include:
The parol evidence rule limits what things can be taken into account when trying to interpret a contract. This rule has practically ceased operation under UK law

Puff (sales talk): If no reasonable person hearing this statement would take it seriously, it is a puff, and no action in contract is available if the statement proves to be wrong. It may also be referred to as "puffery". This is common in television commercials.
Representation: A representation is a statement of fact which does not amount to a term of the contract but it is one that the maker of the statement does not guarantee its truth. This gives rise to no contractual obligation but may amount to a tort, for example misrepresentation.
Term: A term is similar to a representation, but the truth of the statement is guaranteed by the person who made the statement therefore giving rise to a contractual obligation. For the purposes of Breach of Contract a term may further be categories as a condition, warranty or innominate term.
Timing: If the contract was concluded soon after the statement was made, this is a strong indication that the statement induced the person to enter into the contract. Lapse of a week within the negotiations of a car sale was held to amount only to a representation in Routledge v McKay provided that a very important spoken term may persist even if omitted from the written consolidation; this case concerned the quality of a residential house. Status as a term
A Term may either be expressed or implied. An Express term is stated by the parties during negotiation or written in a contractual document. Implied terms are not stated but nevertheless form a provision of the contract.

Implied terms
The Privy Council established a five stage test in BP Refinery Western Port v. Shire of Hastings, in the context of a Trade Union membership contract.
Clear expression: The term must be capable of clear expression. No specific technical knowledge should be required.
Consistency: The implied term may not contradict an express term.
Necessity: The term must be necessary to ensure reasonable or effective operation of a contract of the nature before the court.
Consistency: The implied term may not contradict an express term (same as for formal contracts).
Clear expression: The term must be capable of clear expression (same as for formal contracts).
Obvious: McHugh and Gummow JJ have stated that it must also be obvious. Terms implied in fact
These are terms that have been implied into standardised relationships.
Common law.
These terms will be implied into all contracts of the same nature as a matter of law.
Statutory.
The rules by which many contracts are governed are provided in specialized statutes that deal with particular subjects. Most countries, for example, have statutes which deal directly with sale of goods, lease transactions, and trade practices. For example, most American states have adopted Article 2 of the Uniform Commercial Code, which regulates contracts for the sale of goods. The most important legislation implying terms under United Kingdom law are the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 which imply terms into all contracts whereby goods are sold or services provided.

Liverpool City Council v. Irwin established that when a tour operator contracts to for the sale of goods. The most important legislation under United Kingdom law is the Sale of Goods Act 1979, the Consumer Protection (Distance Selling) Regulations 2000 and the Supply of Goods and Services Act 1982 which imply terms into all contracts whereby goods are sold or services provided. Terms implied in law
One is generally bound by the custom of the industry that one is in. To imply a term due to custom or trade, one must prove the existence of the custom, which must be notorious, certain, legal and reasonable

Good faith
If a contract specifies "subject to contract", it may fall into one of three categories:
This may also refer to contingent conditions, which come under two categories: condition precedent and condition subsequent. Conditions precedent are conditions that have to be complied with before performance of a contract With conditions subsequent, parties have to perform until the condition is not met. Failure of a condition repudiates the contract this is not to necessarily discharge it. Repudiation will alway gives rise to an action for damages.

The parties are immediately bound to the bargain, but they intend to restate the deal in a formalised contract that will not have a different effect; or
The parties have completely agreed to the terms, but have made the execution of some terms in the contract conditional on the creation of a formalised contract; or
It is merely an agreement to agree, and the deal will not be concluded until the formalised contract has been drawn up.
The purchaser must seek finance; and
When offers of finance arrive, the purchaser must make a decision as to whether the offers of finance are suitable.

The University of South Florida Botanical Gardens 15 acres (6.1 hectares) are located on the campus of the University of South Florida in Tampa, Florida, USA, and consist of 7 acres (2.8 hectares) of developed gardens plus 6 to 9 acres (2.4 to 3.6 hectares) of natural greenbelt. The gardens are open to the public during weekday business hours, and on shorter weekend hours. Admission is free.
The Gardens were established in 1969, and in the early 1970s many of today's temperate, subtropical and tropical trees and shrubs were planted. During the late 1970's and 1980's, the palm garden, the wetland forest, and sand scrub beds were planted. New structures and demonstration gardens were built in the 1990s.
Today the gardens contain over 3,000 taxa of plants including: fruit trees, grasses, begonias, orchids, bromeliads, palms, aroids, gingers, carnivorous plants, cycads, cactus and succulent plants, an herb and scent garden, wetland forest, temperate forest, subtropical shade garden, and Florida upland scrub and sandhill habitats.

Tiger of Sweden was founded 1903 in the Swedish town Uddevalla, by the tailors Markus Schwarmann and Hjalmar Nordström. It is a classical brand of men's wear. Tiger of Sweden began, during the 1990s, to develop suits attractive to the young and trendy inner-city crowd.
Its line of products include clothes, shoes and spectacles. Tiger of Sweden is sold across Europe and in Canada. The Silver Label is the more fashion forward or directional product and is quite limited in distribution. The Black Label is styled for a slimmer fashion conscious male.

CKGL is a Canadian radio station, which broadcasts at 570 AM in Kitchener, Ontario. The station airs a news format with the brand name 570 News.
The station was originally launched in 1949 as FM 96.7 CKCR-FM, simulcasting the programming of CKCR.
In 1965, the stations were acquired by Great Lakes Broadcasting, a consortium that included Maclean-Hunter. Both stations changed their callsigns to CHYM that year. Distinct programming was launched on CHYM-FM for the first time in 1968. In 1972, the FM outlet's callsign was changed again, to the current CKGL.
In 1982, Maclean-Hunter took over full ownership of the stations.
CHYM and CKGL swapped frequencies in 1992, with CKGL moving to the AM band. The stations became part of Rogers Communications in 1994 when that company acquired Maclean-Hunter.
When CHYM and CKGL swapped frequencies, the CKGL Country music format was moved to AM with CKGL. In 1997, CKGL changes from the country format to news talk radio.
In late 2005, CKGL adopted the popular all-news format for the morning and afternoon drive time slots.
CKGL's current schedule includes The 570 Morning News from 5-9 AM, the Jeff Allan Show from 9-12, followed by the Gary Doyle Show from 12-3, and the 570 Afternoon News from 3-7.
Evening programs include ESPN Radio, and, live play by play, such as Toronto Blue Jays baseball and Kitchener Rangers OHL hockey.
In 2007, 570 News won the RTNDA Edward R. Murrow Award for "Best Newscast". The winning newscast aired Friday October 6, 2006 at 7 AM and highlighted RIM co-CEO Jim Balsillie's intent to buy the Pittsburgh Penguins. 570 News had a reporter live in Pittsburgh when Jim Balsillie made the announcement.

This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Belize
Belize is divided into 6 districts.

Queen

• Elizabeth II Governor-General
  
  
  
  • Colville Young Prime Minister
    
    
    
    • Said Musa Leader of the Opposition
      
      
      
      • Dean Barrow National Assembly
        
        
        • Senate
          House of Representatives Political parties
          
          
          
          • PUP - UDP
            Elections: 2008
            
            
            
            • Political divisions
              Districts
              Foreign relations
              1. Belize
              2. Cayo
              3. Corozal
              4. Orange Walk
              5. Stann Creek
              6. Toledo Constituencies of Belize
              
              Belize - 4,204 km² (1,623 sq. miles); ranks 4th
              Cayo - 5,338 km² (2,061 sq. miles); ranks 1st
              Corozal - 1,860 km² (718 sq. miles); ranks 6th
              Orange Walk - 4,737 km² (1,829 sq. miles); ranks 2nd
              Stann Creek - 2,176 km² (840 sq. miles); ranks 5th
              Toledo - 4,648 km² (1,795 sq. miles); ranks 3rd District Areas
              - Based on 2005 estimate.
              
              Belize - 87,000; ranks 1st
              Cayo - 66,800; ranks 2nd
              Corozal - 35,500; ranks 4th
              Orange Walk - 47,000; ranks 3rd
              Stann Creek - 30,000; ranks 5th
              Toledo - 27,600; ranks 6th District Populations
              
              Belize
              
              
              
              • Belize City
                Cayo
                
                
                
                • San Ignacio
                  Corozal
                  
                  
                  
                  • Corozal Town
                    Orange Walk
                    
                    
                    
                    • Orange Walk Town
                      Stann Creek
                      
                      
                      
                      • Dangriga
                        Toledo
                        
                        
                        
                        • Punta Gorda District Capitals
                          Below are the two-letter abbreviations for the Districts of Belize:
                          Below are the very rarely used three-letter district abbreviations.
                          
                          Belize: BZ
                          Cayo: CY
                          Corozal: CZ
                          Orange Walk: OW
                          Stann Creek: SC
                          Toledo: TO
                          Belize: BZD (BZD stands for Belize District; BZE is used to abbreviate Belize, the country)
                          Cayo: CYO
                          Corozal: CZL
                          Orange Walk: OWK
                          Stann Creek: SCK
                          Toledo: TOL District Abbreviations
                          - Based on 2005 estimate.
                          
                          Belize City, BZ - 70,800
                          Orange Walk, OW - 17,300
                          San Ignacio, CY - 16,800
                          Belmopan, CY - 13,500
                          Dangriga, SC - 10,800
                          Corozal, CZ - 8,900
                          San Pedro, BZ - 8,500
                          Benque Viejo del Carmen, CY - 7,200
                          Punta Gorda, TO - 5,000
                          Trial Farm, OW - 4,500
                          Ladyville, BZ - 4,400 Belize's Largest Cities & Towns by Population
                          
                          Principal Cities & Towns by District
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          
                          • Belize City (District Capital)
                            Bermudian Landing
                            Burrell Boom
                            Caye Caulker
                            Crooked Tree
                            Double Head Cabbage
                            Gales Point
                            Hattieville
                            La Democracia
                            Ladyville
                            Lord's Bank
                            Mahogany Heights
                            Maskall
                            Sand Hill
                            San Pedro (on Ambergris Caye)
                            Santana Belize
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            
                            • Belmopan (Belizean National Capital)
                              Benque Viejo del Carmen
                              Bullet Tree Falls
                              Camalote
                              Central Farm
                              Esperanza
                              Las Flores
                              Roaring Creek
                              San Antonio
                              San Ignacio (District Capital)
                              San Jose Succotz
                              Santa Elena
                              Santa Familia
                              Spanish Lookout
                              Teakettle
                              Valley of Peace Cayo
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              
                              • Buena Vista
                                Calcutta
                                Caledonia
                                Chunox
                                Consejo
                                Corozal Town (District Capital)
                                Libertad
                                Little Belize
                                Louisville
                                Paraiso
                                Patchakan
                                Progresso
                                Ranchito
                                San Narciso
                                San Joaquin
                                San Pedro, Corozal
                                Santa Elena
                                Sarteneja
                                Xaibe Corozal
                                
                                
                                
                                
                                
                                • August Pine Ridge
                                  Blue Creek
                                  Carmelita
                                  Chan Pine Ridge
                                  Douglas
                                  Gallon Jug
                                  Guinea Grass
                                  Indian Church
                                  Orange Walk Town (District Capital)
                                  San Estevan
                                  San Felipe
                                  San Jose
                                  San Jose Palmar
                                  San Lazaro
                                  San Pablo
                                  San Roman
                                  Santha Martha
                                  Shipyard
                                  Tower Hill
                                  Trial Farm
                                  Trinidad
                                  Yo Creek