This is a list of U.S. state colors:

Geography

Union County (north)
Johnson County (northeast)
Massac County (east)
Ballard County, Kentucky (southeast)
Alexander County (west) Adjacent Counties
Pulaski County was formed in 1843 out of Alexander and Johnson Counties. It was named in honor of Kazimierz Pułaski who was killed at the Siege of Savannah in the Revolutionary War.

Demographics

Karnak
Mound City
Mounds
New Grand Chain
Olmsted
Pulaski
Ullin

Pop art is a visual artistic movement that emerged in the mid 1950s in Britain and in parallel in the late 1950s in the United States. The term was used by British art critic/curator, Lawrence Alloway.

Pop art in the USA
In Spain, the study of pop art is associated with the "new figurative." which arose from the roots of the crisis of informalism. Eduardo Arroyo could be said to fit within the pop art trend, on account of his interest in the environment, his critique of our media culture which incorporates icons of both mass media communication and the history of painting, and his scorn for nearly all established artistic styles. However, the Spaniard who could be considered the most authentically "pop" artist is Alfredo Alcaín, because of the use he makes of popular images and empty spaces in his compositions.
Also in the category of Spanish pop art is the "Chronicle Team" (El Equipo Crónica), which existed in Valencia between 1964 and 1981, formed by the artists Manolo Valdés and Rafael Solbes. Their movement can be characterized as pop because of its use of comics and publicity images and its simplification of images and photographic compositions.
Filmmaker Pedro Almodovar emerged from Madrid's "La Movida" subculture (1970s) making low budget super 8 pop art movies and was subsequently called the Andy Warhol of Spain by the media at the time. In the book "Almodovar on Almodovar" he is quoted saying that the 1950s film "Funny Face" is a central inspiration for his work. One pop trademark in Almodovar's films is that he always produces a fake commercial to be inserted into a scene.

Notable pop artists

Op art
Plop art
Lowbrow (art movement)
Figuration Libre (art movement)

Goshen is a town in Orange County, New York, United States. The population was 12,913 at the 2000 census.
The Town of Goshen contains a village also called Goshen. The town is centrally located in the county.

Demographics

Arcadia Hills --
Axworthy Lane --
Durlandville --
Finnegans Corner --
Florida -- A small part of the Village of Florida is on the south town line.
Goshen -- The Village of Goshen is the county seat.
Goshen Hills --
Howell --
Hambletonian Park --
Otter Kill --
Pellets Island --

This article is about snow skiing. For water skiing, see water skiing. For other related articles, see ski (disambiguation)
Snow Skiing is a group of sports and activities holding in common the use of skis, devices which slide on snow and attach with ski bindings and ski boots to people's feet. Skiing sports differ from snowshoeing in that skis slide, and they differ from ice-skating, water skiing, and in-line skating by being performed on snow. Although snowboarding shares the general characteristics of skiing sports, it evolved from surfing and skateboarding and so is not considered a type of skiing.
Skiing can be grouped into two general categories. Nordic skiing is the oldest category and includes sport that evolved from skiing as done in Scandinavia. Nordic style ski bindings attach at the toes of the skier's ski boots, but not at the heels. Alpine skiing includes sports that evolved from skiing as done in the Alps. Alpine bindings attach at both the toe and the heel of ski boots. These two categories overlap with some sports potentially fitting into both. However, binding style and history indicate that each skiing sport is more one than the other. Some skiing sports such as Telemark skiing have elements of both categories, but its history in Telemark, Norway and free-heel binding style place Telemark skiing firmly in the Nordic category.

History
Skiing is a pastime which has brought together all cultures of today. Many different types of skiing are popular, especially in colder climates, and many types of competitive skiing events are recognized by the International Olympic Committee (IOC), the International Ski Federation (FIS), and other sporting organizations. Skiing is most visible to the public during the Winter Olympic Games where it is a major sport.
In skiing's traditional core regions in the snowy parts of Scandinavia, as well as in places such as Alaska, both recreational and competitive skiing is as likely to refer to the cross-country variants as to the internationally downhill variants.
Alpine Skiing: For most people in the United States excluding Alaska, the term "skiing" refers to alpine skiing where one visits a ski resort, purchases a lift ticket, dons cold-weather clothing, skis, ski boots and ski poles, and embarks on a chairlift, gondola lift, or other means of mechanical uphill transport. Upon reaching the summit, the skier disembarks from the ski lift and travels downhill, propelled by gravity, usually along a marked route known as a piste, "run," "trail," or "slope". Most ski resorts use mechanical equipment to "groom," or pack down and smooth, the snow surface on certain ski trails. Grooming is normally associated with trails of lesser difficulty.
Alpine skiing developed in the Alps beginning in 1889. In Winterthur, Switzerland, Odd Kjelsberg may have been the first person in the Alps to try skiing. Previous to this time,the predominate Alpine winter sport had been tobogganing.
Skiing techniques are difficult to master, and accordingly there are ski schools that teach everything from the basics of turning and stopping safely to more advanced carving, racing, mogul or "bump" skiing and newer freestyle techniques. There are two primary types of downhill skiing -- "telemark" and "alpine."
For beginning skiers learning under a trained instructor, skiing speeds are low, the terrain is not steep and is often well-manicured, and the risks are relatively low. For extreme skiers, testing their expert abilities against ever more challenging terrain, the risks may be much higher.
Randoneé Skiing: Randoneé is also called off-piste, ski mountaineering, and Alpine touring. Off-piste skiing includes skiing in unmarked or unpatrolled areas either within the ski resort's boundaries or in the backcountry, frequently amongst trees ("glade skiing"), usually in pursuit of fresh fallen snow, known as powder.
Randoneé skiiers typically use Alpine style skis and boots but with bindings that can be released at the heel for easier movement on flat and uphill terrain. For traveling up-hill randoneé skiers often use skins, strips of fabric temporarily glued to the bottoms of the skis.
Skiing or snowboarding outside a ski resort's boundaries, also known as Off-Site skiing, is illegal in some ski resorts, due to the danger of avalanches on the un-patrolled areas; or the cost of search-and-rescue for lost or overdue skiers. France and Canada are two of the few countries generally permitting this activity. In the United States, Off-Site skiing regulations vary by ski area; many ski resorts prohibit it and some simply post warning signs that skiers are leaving the patrolled ski area boundaries.
In all regions, randoneé skiing is perfectly legal, provided the skier has not skied from a designated ski area after buying a ticket. Some areas do allow departure from the ski area while on skis, others do not. Normally, skiing out of bounds results in loss of the lift ticket and banishment from the ski area. On the other hand, skiing in a closed area is illegal and likely to land a skier in jail.
However, lost or overdue backcountry travellers are usually held responsible for the cost of search-and-rescue service if uninsured. Backcountry skiers traveling in steep terrain prone to avalanches are encouraged to take avalanche training, travel with other experienced people, and carry special equipment for self-rescue. It is recommended that skiers make the local ski patrol aware of where they are going if they stray off-piste in case of avalanches or bad weather that could put skiers in danger.
Telemark Skiing: Telemark skiers use flexible ski boots, either leather or plastic, and do not have their heels locked to the skis. Alpine skiers use stiffer plastic, non-flexible boots and have their heels locked to the skis with releaseable bindings. The venue, speed and technical difficulty associated with the sport can lead to collisions, accidents, hypothermia and other injury or illness, occasionally including death. Regional Ski Patrol organizations, such as the National Ski Patrol in the U.S., exist as a voluntary organization to provide guidance, help, medical assistance and emergency rescue to those in need of it.
Back Country Skiing: Also called Nordic touring. In the Alps where skiers can easily ski from area to area, Randoneé and backcountry skiing are indistinguishable. In North America however, where chairlifts either aren't allowed or are impractical for touring, skiers typically use Nordic style equipment which is more suitable for skiing up-hill. The heels of the bindings always remain free, unlike Randoneé bindings which can be locked down.
Military Skiing: In addition to its role in recreation and sport, skiing is also used as a means of transport by the military, and many armies train troops for ski warfare. Ski troops played a key role in retaining Finnish independence from Russia during the Winter War, and from Germany during the Lapland War, although the use of ski troops was recorded by the Danish historian Saxo Grammaticus in the 13th century. The sport of Biathlon was developed from military skiing patrols.
Alpine Freestyle: This kind of skiing could be called acrobatics on skis. Alpine freestyle was pioneered by Stein Ericson in 1962. It developed in the 1970s into a style called Hotdogging. More recently Alpine freestyle has evolved into the current style called Jib skiing or New freestyle, a new style of skiing that started in the late 1990s. In this type of skiing, skiers use jumps also called kickers,or rails to do urban style aerial tricks.
Nordic Skiing: Also called cross-country skiing. World wide, Nordic skiing may be the most popular form of skiing since it does not require a specially ski area. Typically after donning appropriate clothing, the skier goes outside and skis in a local park or even on a snowy street. Nordic skiing is the oldest form of skiing and was developed in Scandinavia as a way of traveling in the winter.
Cross-Country Racing: Cross-country skiing takes its name from a type of ski race that is one third up, one third down, and one third flat. The name distinguishes it from other types of ski races and competition such as downhill racing, slalom racing, and Nordic jumping. Cross-country races can be either freestyle or classic. In freestyle racing, any technique is allowed as long as it is human powered and on skis. In a classic race, skating techniques are prohibited.
Nordic Jumping: Also called ski-flying and ski jumping. A competition in which skiers slide down a ramp called a jump and attempt to go the furthest before landing on the ground. This is done with Nordic style skis, meaning that the heels of boot and binding are detached from the ski. The skies are much longer and wider than other types of skis and jumping is typically done without ski-poles.
Kite skiing and para-skiing Skiing done while being pulled or carried by a parasail, hangglider, or kite.
Ski jøring Ski jøring is also called Euro-style mushing. Skiing while being pulled by an animal(s),typically dogs or horses, or by snowmachine. Typically dogs or horses are used.

Types of skiing
Downhill skiing for people with disabilities is both a recreational pastime and a competitive sport open to those with any manner of cognitive and/or physical disabilities. Adaptations include the use of outriggers, ski tip retention devices, sit-skis like monoskis and bi-skis, brightly colored guide bibs, ski guides, and inter-skier communication systems or audible clues for blind skiers. Recreational skiing programs for people with disabilities exist at mountains across the globe. In the northeastern United States, Maine Handicapped Skiing is one of the largest, operating at Sunday River ski resort, Other New England resorts with adaptive skiing programs include: Loon Mountain, Waterville Valley, and Mount Sunapee. In the western part of the United States, the National Sports Center for the Disabled at Winter Park Resort near Denver, Colorado attracts both first-timers and world-class disabled athletes from Europe, Asia, and North America. Currently the International Paralympic Committee (IPC) and the International Ski Federation (FIS) sanction a number of regional, national, and international disabled skiing events, most notably a World Cup circuit, a Disabled Alpine Skiing World Championships, and the Paralympic Winter Games. Skiing for people with disabilities became popular after World War II with the return of injured veterans.

Skiing for people with disabilities
"Skiing" is one of the few words in the English language that contains two "i"s in a row.

Trivia

Skiing topics

Alpine Skiing

Cross-country skiing
Backcountry skiing
Biathlon
Disabled Nordic skiing
Nordic combined
Telemark skiing
Skijoring
Ski jumping(ski-flying)
Ski touring Nordic Skiing

Stem techniques

• The Snowplough - (also known as the wedge) - see snowplough turn
  The Stem Christie
  Parallel turn
  Carve turn
  Telemark turn
  Pivot turn
  Jump turn Turning techniques
  
  
  Main article: Ski Paraphernalia
  
  Winter Olympic Games
  The Honda Ski Tour
  Winter Paralympic Games
  Four Hills Tournament
  Winter X Games
  Birkebeinerrennet
  American Birkebeiner
  Tour of Anchorage Competition events
  
  Alpine Skiing World Cup
  Alpine World Skiing Championships
  Slalom
  Giant slalom
  Super Giant Slalom
  Downhill
  Alpine skiing combined
  Speed Skiing Alpine events
  
  Aerials
  Moguls Freestyle events
  
  Biathlon
  Nordic combined
  Ski jumping
  Cross-country skiing Nordic events
  International organizations:
  National organizations:
  
  International Biathlon Union (IBU)
  International Free Skiers Association (IFSA)
  International Ski Federation (FIS)
  International Ski Instructors Association (ISIA)
  International Skiing History Association (ISHA)
  Iran Ski Federation
  US National Ski Hall of Fame
  Professional Ski Instructors of America
  Swiss Ski Association (in French and German)
  British Association of Snowsport Instructors
  Ski Club of Great Britain
  United States Ski and Snowboard Association
  Croatian Ski Association / Hrvatski skijaški savez (HSS)
  National Ski Patrol
  Canadian Ski Instructors' Alliance
  Alpine Canada Alpin Skiing organizations
  
  Ski resorts
  List of ski areas and resorts
  National Ski Areas Association
  Luxury resorts Ski areas and resorts
  
  

  Main article: Ski lift Ski lifts
  
  History of skiing
  Artificial ski slope
  Indoor ski slope
  

  
  
  • Ski Simulators
    Piste
    Ski resort
    Ski school
    Ski season
    Ski warfare
    Snow
    
    
    
    • Snow cannon
      Ice
      Snowcat (piste basher)
      Physics of skiing
      Après-ski Other
      
      Altitude sickness
      Injuries
      
      
      
      • Anterior cruciate ligament
        Fracture
        First aid
        
        
        
        • Wilderness first aid
          Ski patrol
          Frost bite
          Hypothermia
          Windburn
          Physical fitness
          
          
          
          • Exercise
            Snow blindness
            Ski sickness
            List of famous skiing deaths
            Shin-bang Ski videos and movies
            
            Grass skiing
            Snowboarding
            Snowshoe walking
            Sports
            Water skiing
            Winter sport

The art of motion-picture making within the nation of Spain or by Spanish filmmakers abroad is collectively known as Spanish Cinema.
In recent years, Spanish cinema has achieved high marks of recognition as a result of its creative and technical excellence. In the long history of Spanish cinema, the great filmmaker Luis Buñuel was the first to achieve universal recognition, followed by Pedro Almodóvar in the 1980s. Spanish cinema has also seen international success over the years with films by directors like Segundo de Chomón, Florián Rey, Luis García Berlanga, Carlos Saura, Julio Medem and Alejandro Amenábar. Woody Allen, upon receiving the prestigious Prince of Asturias Award in 2002 in Oviedo remarked: When I left New York, the most exciting film in the city at the time was Spanish, Pedro Almodovar's one. I hope that Europeans will continue to lead the way in film making because at the moment not much is coming from the United States."
Non-directors have obtained less international notability. Only the cinematographer Néstor Almendros, the actress Penélope Cruz and the actors Fernando Rey, Antonio Banderas, Javier Bardem and Fernando Fernán Gómez have obtained some recognition outside of Spain. Mexican actor Gael García Bernal has also recently received international notoriety in films by Spanish directors.
Today, only 10 to 20% of box office receipts in Spain are generated by domestic films, a situation that repeats itself in many nations of Europe and the Americas. The Spanish government has therefore implemented various measures aimed at supporting local film production and movie theaters, which include the assurance of funding from the main national television stations. The trend is being reversed with the recent screening of mega productions such as the €30 million film Alatriste (starring Viggo Mortensen), the Academy Award winning Spanish/Mexican film Pan's Labyrinth (El Laberinto del Fauno), Volver (starring Penélope Cruz), and Los Borgia (€10 million), all of them sold-out blockbusters in Spain.
Another aspect of Spanish cinema mostly unknown to the general public is the appearance of English-language Spanish films such as The Machinist (starring Christian Bale) The Others (starring Nicole Kidman), Basic Instinct II (starring Sharon Stone), and Milos Forman's Goya's Ghosts (starring Javier Bardem and Natalie Portman). All of these films were produced by Spanish firms. This attests to the dynamism and creativity of Spanish directors and producers. (More on this below.)

Cinema of Albania
Cinema of Armenia
Cinema of Austria
Cinema of Azerbaijan
Cinema of Belgium
Cinema of Bosnia-Herzegovina
Cinema of Bulgaria
Cinema of Croatia
Cinema of Cyprus
Cinema of the Czech Republic
Cinema of Denmark
Cinema of Estonia
Cinema of the Faroe Islands
Cinema of Finland
Cinema of France
Cinema of Georgia
Cinema of Germany
Cinema of Greece
Cinema of Hungary
Cinema of Iceland
Cinema of Ireland
Cinema of Italy
Cinema of Latvia
Cinema of Lithuania
Cinema of Luxembourg
Cinema of Montenegro
Cinema of the Netherlands
Cinema of Norway
Cinema of Poland
Cinema of Portugal
Cinema of Romania
Cinema of Russia

• Cinema of the Russian Empire
  Cinema of Serbia
  Cinema of Slovakia
  Cinema of Slovenia
  Cinema of the Soviet Union
  Cinema of Spain
  Cinema of Sweden
  Cinema of Switzerland
  Cinema of Turkey
  Cinema of the UK
  Cinema of Ukraine
  Cinema of Yugoslavia Origins
  In 1914, Barcelona was the center of the nation's film industry. The españoladas (historical epics of Spain) predominated until the 1960s. Prominent among these were the films of Florián Rey, starring Imperio Argentina, and the first version of Nobleza Baturra (1925). Historical dramas such as Vida de Cristóbal Colón y su Descubrimiento de América (The Life of Christopher Columbus and His Discovery of America) (1917), by the French director Gerald Bourgeois, adaptations of newspaper serials such as Los misterios de Barcelona (The Mysteries of Barcelona) starring Joan Maria Codina (1916), and of stage plays such as Don Juan Tenorio, by Ricardo Baños, and zarzuelas (comedic operettas), were also produced. Even the Nobel Prize-winning playwright Jacinto Benavente, who said that "in film they pay me the scraps," would shoot film versions of his theatrical works.
  In 1928, Ernesto Giménez Caballero and Luis Buñuel founded the first cine-club (film society), in Madrid. By that point, Madrid was already the primary center of the industry; 44 of the 58 films released up until that point had been produced there.
  The rural drama La aldea maldita (The Cursed Village) (Florian Rey, 1929) was a hit in Paris, where, at the same time, Buñuel and Dalí premiered Un chien andalou (An Andalusian Dog). Un chien andalou has become one of the most well-known avant-garde films of that era.
  
  The height of silent cinema
  By 1931, the introduction of audiophonic foreign productions had hurt the Spanish film industry to the point where only a single title was released that year.
  In 1935, Manuel Casanova founded the Compañía Industrial Film Española S.A. (Spanish Industrial Film Company Inc, CIFESA) and introduced sound to Spanish film-making. CIFESA would grow to become the biggest production company to ever exist in Spain. Sometimes criticized as an instrument of the right wing, it nevertheless supported young filmmakers such as Luis Buñuel and his pseudo-documentary Las Hurdes: Tierra Sin Pan (Breadless Land). In 1933 it was responsible for filming 17 motion pictures and in 1934, 21. The most notable success was Benito Perojo´s La verbena de la paloma (The Dove's Verbena). By 1935 production had risen to 37 films.
  
  The crisis of sound
  Around 1936, both sides of the Civil War began to use cinema as a means of propaganda and censorship. A typical example of this is Luis Buñuel's España 1936, which also contains much rare newsreel footage. The pro-Franco side founded the National Department of Cinematography, causing many actors to go into exile.
  The new regime then began to impose obligatory dubbing to highlight directors such as Ignacio F. Iquino, Rafael Gil (Huella de luz (1941)), Juan de Orduña (Locura de amor (1948)), Arturo Román, José Luis Sáenz de Heredia (Raza (film)) (1942)) with scripts of Franco's and Edgar Neville's. They also began to highlight Fedra (1956), by Manuel Mur Oti.
  For its part, Marcelino, pan y vino (Marcelino, Bread and Wine) (1955) from Ladislao Vajda would trigger a trend of child actors, such as those who would become the protagonists of "Joselito," "Marisol," "Rocío Durcal" or "Pili y Mili."
  Finally, in the 1950s, the influence of Neorealism became evident in the works of new directors such as Antonio del Amo, Arturo Nieves Conde, Juan Antonio Bardem, and Luis García Berlanga. In the conversations of Salamanca, Juan Antonio Bardem summed up cinema of postwar Spain in a manifesto that has become famous for its harshness: "Real Spanish cinema is politically inefficient, socially false, intellectually infirm, aesthetically void and industrially weak."
  Juan de Orduña would later have an enormous commercial hit with El Último Cuplé (The Final Variety Song) (1957), with leading actress Sara Montiel.
  Buñuel sporadically returned to Spain to film the shocking Viridiana (1961) and Tristana (1970), two of his biggest films.
  
  The Civil War and its aftermath
  In 1962, José María García Escudero became the Director General of Cinema, propelling forward state efforts and the Escuela Oficial de Cine (Official Cinema School), from which emerged the majority of new directors, generally from the political left and those opposed to the Franco dictatorship. Among these were Mario Camus, Miguel Picazo, Francisco Regueiro, Manuel Summers, and, above all, Carlos Saura. Apart from this line of directors, Fernando Fernán Gómez made the classic El extraño viaje (The Strange Trip) (1964). From television came Jaime de Armiñan, author of Mi querida señorita (My Dear Lady) (1971).
  From the so-called Escuela de Barcelona, originally more experimentalist and cosmopolitan, come Vicente Aranda, Jaime Camino, and Gonzalo Suárez, who made their master works in the 1980s.
  The San Sebastian International Film Festival is a major film festival supervised by the FIAPF. It was started in 1953, and it takes place in San Sebastián every year. Alfred Hitchcock, Audrey Hepburn, Steven Spielberg, Gregory Peck, Elizabeth Taylor are some of the stars that have participated in this festival, the most important in Spain and one of the best cinema festivals in the world.
  The Festival de Cine de Sitges, now known as the Festival Internacional de Cinema de Catalunya (International Film Festival of Catalonia), was started in 1967. It is considered one of the best cinematographic contests in Europe, and is the best in the specialty of science fiction film.
  
  The new Spanish cinema
  With the end of dictatorship, censorship was greatly loosened and cultural works were permitted in other languages spoken in Spain besides Spanish, resulting in the founding of the Catalan Institute of Cinema, among others.
  At the beginning, the popular phenomena of striptease and landismo (from Alfredo Landa) triumph. During the democracy, a whole new series of directors base their films either on controversial topics or on revising the country's history. Jaime Chávarri, Víctor Erice, José Luis Garci, Manuel Gutiérrez Aragón, Eloy de la Iglesia, Pilar Miró and Pedro Olea were some of these who directed great films. Montxo Armendáriz or Juanma Bajo Ulloa's "new Basque cinema" has also been outstanding; another prominent Basque director is Julio Medem.
  The Spanish cinema, however, depends on the great hits of the so-called Madrileño comedy by Fernando Colomo or Fernando Trueba, the sophisticated melodramas by Pedro Almodóvar, Alex de la Iglesia and Santiago Segura's black humour or Alejandro Amenábar's works, in such a manner that, according to producer José Antonio Félez, "50% of total box office revenues comes from five titles, and between 8 and 10 films give 80% of the total" during the year 2004.
  On the other hand, Spanish pornographic cinema has flourished in the city of Barcelona; one of its stars is Nacho Vidal.
  In 1987, a year after the founding of the Academia de las Artes y las Ciencias Cinematográficas de España, the Goya Awards were created to recognize excellence in many aspects of Spanish motion picture making such as acting, directing and screenwriting. The first ceremony took place on March 16, 1987 at the Teatro Lope de Vega, Madrid. The ceremony continues to take place annually around the end of January, and awards are given to films produced during the previous year. The award itself is a small bronze bust of Francisco de Goya created by the sculptor José Luis Fernández.
  
  The cinema of the democratic era
  Spanish newspaper El Mundo recently took notice of a phenomenon little-known to general audienes when it wrote: "A new style of producing has been created in our country. world-class stars, English-language shoots and big budgets. Production companies like KanZaman are currently involved in various ambitious projects that import the ways and customs of Hollywood to our industry." English language Spanish films produced by Spanish companies include The Machinist (starring Christian Bale), The Others (starring Nicole Kidman), Basic Instinct II (KanZaman, Spain) (starring Sharon Stone), and Milos Forman's Goya's Ghosts (Xuxa Produciones, Spain) (starring Javier Bardem and Natalie Portman), Two Much (starring Antonio Banderas, Melanie Griffith.
  KanZaman (Spain) and Recorded Picture Company (UK) co-produced Sexy Beast (starring Ben Kingsley) in 1999. Other films co-produced by KanZaman include: The Reckoning (starring Paul Bettany and Willem Dafoe); The Bridge of San Luis Rey, based on the Pulitzer prize winning Thornton Wilder novel of the same name and starring Robert de Niro, Harvey Keitel, Kathy Bates and Pilar Lopez de Ayala; Mike Barker's A Good Woman (starring Helen Hunt and Scarlett Johansson), and Sahara (starring Mathew McConaughey and Penélope Cruz). In 2004, KanZaman established Reino del Cielo s.l. through which it co-produced Ridley Scott's epicKingdom of Heaven (starring Orlando Bloom and Liam Neeson), making it the biggest production in the history of Spanish cinema.
  
  

Shanghai Knights is an American action-comedy movie released on February 3, 2003. It is the sequel to Shanghai Noon. It was directed by David Dobkin and written by Alfred Gough and Miles Millar.

Sequel rumors
Although not as big of a success as Shanghai Noon, Knights still managed to gross $88,323,487 according to Box Office Mojo.

Box Office

Cast & Crew

Chon Wang: Jackie Chan
Roy O'Bannon: Owen Wilson
Chon Lin: Fann Wong
Lord Nelson Rathbone: Aidan Gillen
Wu Chow: Donnie Yen
Artie Doyle: Tom Fisher
Queen Victoria: Gemma Jones
Charlie Chaplin Aaron Johnson
Newspaper Boy: Charlie G. Hawkins
Chon Wang's Father: Kim Chan
Cigarette Girl: Daisy Beaumont
Prostitute #1: Alison King Cast

Director: David Dobkin
Writers: Miles Millar, Alfred Gough
Cinematographer: Adrian Biddle Crew
While Shanghai Knights contains many anachronisms and historical inaccuracies, the writers say they were intentionally put in to make the movie more fun. This is consistent with the choices of music in the film, mostly early classic rock hits from the 1960s. Classic rock is so ingrained in the film, that when Owen Wilson's character dreams of his future children, he calls them "Vera, Chuck, and Dave," as in the song "When I'm Sixty-Four" by the Beatles.

Wu Chow (Donnie Yen) is introduced as the Emperor of China's younger bastard brother. The historical Emperor at this time was the fifteen-year-old Guangxu.
Historically the tenth in line to the throne of England in 1887 was Queen Victoria's granddaughter, Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh.
Arthur Conan Doyle was not knighted until much later in his life. Also, he was a physician, not a police officer, before becoming a writer, and he had already started writing Sherlock Holmes before the date portrayed in the movie.
When Chon objects to taking shelter in a brothel, Roy quips, "what are we going to do? Check into the Savoy?" The Savoy Hotel was not built until 1889.
Jack the Ripper was not active until 1888.
The plot to eradicate the Royal Family at Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee is based on an Irish nationalist plot planned for the same time; however, the nationalist plan was to blow up the Houses of Parliament, not to assassinate the Royal Family.
During one scene, an automobile is shown that is far more advanced than the rudimentary automobilies of the time.
The story also featured a young thief Charlie Chaplin, who wasn't even born until 1889.
Lord Rathbone wrongly addresses Queen Victoria, calling her "Your Highness", when speaking to a monarch whether it be male or female the spoken form is always "Your Majesty", and thereafter "Ma'am" or "Sir". He says this hastily trying to get out of the line of fire of Wu Chow who is preparing to aim and kill the Royal Family on the balcony behind the Houses of Parliament overlooking the River Thames passing Westminster, he says "I wish not to impeed your view, Your Highness". Victoria was Queen and so is styled "Your Majesty" when spoken to. Trivia
Filmed in several locations around the world.

Barrandov Studios (Prague)

Fringe may refer to:
An ornamental appendage to the border of an item, such as a flag. It originally consisted of the ends of the warp, projecting beyond the woven fabric. More commonly it is made separate and sewed on, consisting sometimes of projecting ends, twisted or plaited together, and sometimes of loose threads of wool, silk, or linen, or narrow strips of leather, or the like.
A Fringe Tree (Chionanthus) (syn. Linociera Sw.) is a genus of about 80 species of flowering plants in the family Oleaceae.
Fringe (hair), the front part of the hair that hangs down above the eyes. Some English-speakers, including Americans, Canadians, and Filipinos refer to a fringe as "bangs."
fringe theatre, non-mainstream and experimental theatre, such as the Edinburgh Fringe
Canadian Fringe Festivals, takes place in several Canadian cities and based off of the Edinburgh Fringe
Fringe science, a phrase used to describe scientific inquiry in an established field that departs significantly from mainstream or orthodox theories.
By extension, any cultural manifestation not in the mainstream
The Fringe, an indie rock band
An adjective usually used in evaluating sports prospects: a "fringe prospect" lacks the skills to be an impact player at the highest level, and "fringe" generally connotes something on the border between major league and minor league.
Fringe Product, a record label
Fringe field, a type of electric or magnetic field that exists on the edges of charged objects or magnets.
The Fringe is a vast and mostly lawless region of space beyond the Solar system in the computer game Tachyon: The Fringe.
Fringes on an interference pattern refer to the dark and light patches made by constructive and destructive interference by the waves making the pattern. Fringes are exploited by the Interferometry science.

In the sport of cricket, a bail is one of the two smaller sticks placed on top of the three stumps to form a wicket. The bails are used to determine when the wicket is broken, which in turn is one of the critical factors in determining whether a batsman is out bowled, stumped, run out or hit wicket.
The wicket is considered to be broken if either or both of the bails fall from the stumps, or a stump is struck out of the ground, by:
This means, for example, that if the ball hits the wicket directly from the bowler's delivery, the batsman is only out bowled if a bail falls off, so a ball can actually brush or rest against the stumps without the batsman being out.
If a bail falls off the stumps for any other reason while the ball is still in play, and a later incident such as a run out attempt requires the wicket to be broken, then the other bail can be removed (if it has not yet fallen off), or a stump can be struck out of the ground or pulled up, as described above.
Each bail is made of a single cylindrically shaped piece of wood which has two smaller cylinders of wood protruding from each end. The large central cylinder is called the barrel and the smaller protrusions are the spigots. The spigots are of unequal length: the longer rests alone on one stump, while the shorter rests on the middle stump together with the short spigot of the other bail.
Special heavy bails made of denser wood (usually lignum vitae) are sometimes used in windy conditions if the normal light bails are likely to be blown off the stumps. The umpires can decide to dispense with the bails completely (for example, where strong gusts of wind would remove even the heavy bails), in which case the umpires will adjudge whether or not the wicket is broken.

the ball,
the striking batsman's bat, or any part of the striker's body or clothing (even if it falls off), or
a fielder with the hand or arm holding the ball. Quotation
An excerpt from Law 8(3)(b) of the Laws of Cricket:
Each bail shall conform to the following specifications:

• Overall length:- 4 5/16 in/10.95cm


• Length of barrel:- 2 1/8 in/5.40cm


• Longer spigot:- 1 3/8 in/3.49cm


• Shorter spigot:- 13/16 in/2.06cm

Overall length:- 4 5/16 in/10.95cm
Length of barrel:- 2 1/8 in/5.40cm
Longer spigot:- 1 3/8 in/3.49cm
Shorter spigot:- 13/16 in/2.06cm

Let It Bleed is an album by The Rolling Stones, released in 1969. The follow up to 1968's Beggars Banquet, it appeared shortly after the band's 1969 American Tour, their first in the U.S. in three years.

All Music Guide link
Rolling Stone link History
The cover displays a surreal sculpture designed by Robert Brownjohn. The image consists of the Let It Bleed record being played by the antique tone-arm of a turntable, which is fitted with a tall record-changer-style spindle supporting, in place of a stack of records, a number of items stacked on a dinner plate (bottom-to-top): a magnetic tape/movie reel canister labelled Stones - Let It Bleed; a clock face; a pizza; a small tyre; a cake with kitsch icing, reminiscent of art-deco-style plaster rendering; and the band itself in the form of wedding-style topping figures. The cake parts of the album cover construction were prepared by then unknown cookery writer Delia Smith [2]. The artwork is inspired by the working title of the album, which was "Automatic Changer" (source: Bill Wyman, Rolling with the Stones).
The reverse of the LP sleeve shows the same "record-stack" melange partially "consumed", with a slice of the uppermost cake layer removed; the tyre hacked and nailed, bandaged and patched; film stray from the tape/film canister; and the supporting plate chipped; a slice of pizza with a bite taken lies on the shattered vinyl; along with the detached tone-arm -- as if evidence of the aftermath of a wild party.
The track listing on the record sleeve does not follow the tracklisting on the record. According to Brownjohn, he altered the track listing purely for visual reasons.

Cover
All songs by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards, except where noted. The order in which track titles appeared on the back of the LP sleeve did not reflect their actual order of play -- not unusual in its day. The correct orders were shown on the record's label.

Track listing

"Gimme Shelter" – 4:32

• Features Merry Clayton on backing vocals
  "Love in Vain" (Robert Johnson) – 4:22
  
  
  
  • Features Ry Cooder on mandolin
    "Country Honk" – 3:10
    
    
    
    • Country version of "Honky Tonk Women", features Mick Taylor on guitar
      "Live With Me" – 3:36
      
      
      
      • Features both Leon Russell and Nicky Hopkins on piano with Keith Richards on bass and Mick Taylor on guitar
        "Let It Bleed" – 5:34
        
        
        
        • Features Ian Stewart on piano Side two
          
          Mick Jagger – vocals, harmonica, backing vocals
          Keith Richards – acoustic guitar, backing vocals, electric guitar, slide guitar, vocals, bass
          Charlie Watts – drums
          Bill Wyman – bass, autoharp, vibes
          Brian Jones - autoharp, percussion (congas)
          Mick Taylor – electric guitar, slide guitar
          Madeline Bell – backing vocals
          Byron Berline – fiddle
          Merry Clayton – vocals, backing vocals
          Ry Cooder – mandolin
          Rocky Dijon – congas, maracas
          Nicky Hopkins – piano, organ
          Bobby Keys – tenor saxophone
          Al Kooper – piano, organ, French horn
          London Bach Choir – backing vocals
          Jimmy Miller – drums, percussion, tambourine
          Nanette Newman – backing vocals
          Leon Russell – piano
          Ian Stewart – piano
          Doris Troy – backing vocals
          Tom Pollard – backing vocals Personnel
          
          Charts
          
          Singles
          
          

In computing, file system fragmentation, sometimes called file system aging, is the inability of a file system to lay out related data sequentially (contiguously), an inherent phenomenon in storage-backed file systems that allow in-place modification of their contents. It is a special case of data fragmentation. File system fragmentation increases disk head movement or seeks, which are known to hinder throughput. The correction to existing fragmentation is to compress files and free space back into contiguous areas, a process called defragmentation.

Why fragmentation occurs
File system fragmentation is projected to become more problematic with newer hardware due to the increasing disparity between sequential access speed and rotational delay (and to a lesser extent seek time), of consumer-grade hard disks,

Performance implications
File system fragmentation may occur on several levels:

Fragmentation within individual files and their metadata.
Free space fragmentation, making it increasingly difficult to lay out new files contiguously.
The decrease of locality of reference between separate, but related files. Types of fragmentation
Individual file fragmentation occurs when a single file has been broken into multiple pieces (called extents on extent-based file systems). While disk file systems attempt to keep individual files contiguous, this is not often possible without significant performance penalties. File system check and defragmentation tools typically only account for file fragmentation in their "fragmentation percentage" statistic.

File fragmentation
Free (unallocated) space fragmentation occurs when there are several unused areas of the file system where new files or metadata can be written to. Unwanted free space fragmentation is generally caused by deletion or truncation of files, but file systems may also intentionally insert fragments ("bubbles") of free space in order to facilitate extending nearby files (see proactive techniques below).

Free space fragmentation
Related file fragmentation, also called application-level (file) fragmentation, refers to the lack of locality of reference between related files. Unlike the previous two types of fragmentation, related file fragmentation is a much more vague concept, as it heavily depends on the access pattern of specific applications. This also makes objectively measuring or estimating it very difficult. However, arguably, it is the most critical type of fragmentation, as studies have found that the most frequently accessed files tend to be small compared to available disk throughput per second.
To avoid related file fragmentation and improve locality of reference, assumptions about the operation of applications have to be made. A very frequent assumption made is that it is worthwhile to keep smaller files within a single directory together, and lay them out in the natural file system order. While it is often a reasonable assumption, it does not always hold. For example, an application might read several different files, perhaps in different directories, in the exact same order they were written. Thus, a file system that simply orders all writes successively, might work faster for the given application.

Related file fragmentation
Several techniques have been developed to fight fragmentation. They can usually be classified into two categories: proactive and retroactive. Due to the hard predictability of access patterns, these techniques are most often heuristic in nature, and may degrade performance under unexpected workloads.

Techniques for mitigating fragmentation
Proactive techniques attempt to keep fragmentation at a minimum at the time data is being written on the disk. The simplest of such is, perhaps, appending data to an existing fragment in place where possible, instead of allocating new blocks to a new fragment.
Many of today's file systems attempt to preallocate longer chunks, or chunks from different free space fragments, called extents to files that are actively appended to. This mainly avoids file fragmentation when several files are concurrently being appended to, thus avoiding them from becoming excessively intertwined.
Bittorrent and other peer-to-peer filesharing clients have an "Antifragmentation" feature that allocates the full space needed for a file when initiating downloads.

Proactive techniques
Retroactive techniques attempt to reduce fragmentation, or the negative effects of fragmentation, after it has occurred. Many file systems provide defragmentation tools, which attempt to reorder fragments of files, and often also increase locality of reference by keeping smaller files in directories, or directory trees, close to each other on the disk.
The HFS Plus file system transparently defragments files that are less than 20 MiB in size and are broken into 8 or more fragments, when the file is being opened.

University
Rabbi Zecharias Frankel (1801-1875) at one time was in the traditional wing of the nascent Reform Judaism movement. After the second Reform rabbinic conference (1845, Frankfurt, Germany) he resigned after coming to believe that their positions were exceedingly radical. In 1854 he became the head of a new rabbinical school, the Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau. In his magnum opus Darkhei HaMishnah (Ways of the Mishnah) Rabbi Frankel amassed scholarly support which showed that Jewish law was not static, but rather had always developed in response to changing conditions. He called his approach towards Judaism 'Positive-Historical', which meant that one should accept Jewish law and tradition as normative, yet one must be open to changing and developing the law in the same historical fashion that Judaism has always historically developed.

The Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
About this time in America, Rabbi Sabato Morais championed the reaction to American Reform. At one time Rabbi Morais had been a voice for moderation within the coalition of Reformers. He had opposed the more radical changes, but was open to moderate changes that would not offend traditional sensibilities. After the Reform movement published the Pittsburgh Platform, Rabbi Morais recognized the futility of his efforts and began the creation of a new rabbinical school in New York City. He was soon joined by Rabbi Alexander Kohut and Rabbi Bernard Drachman, both of whom had received semicha (rabbinic ordination) at Rabbi Frankel's Breslau seminary. They shaped the curriculum and philosophy of the new school after Rabbi Frankel's seminary.
In 1902, Professor Solomon Schechter assumed presidency of JTS. In a series of papers he articulated an ideology for the nascent movement. In 1913 he presided over the creation of the United Synagogue of America. (The name was changed in 1991 to the United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism.)
Prominent professors at the Seminary were such luminaries as Saul Lieberman, Alexander Marx, Louis Ginzberg and Louis Finkelstein and others as well.
Between 1940 and 1985, The Jewish Theological Seminary produced a radio and television show called "The Eternal Light." The show aired on Sunday afternoons, featuring well-known Jewish personalities like Chaim Potok and Elie Wiesel. Broadcasts did not involve preaching or prayer, but drew on history, literature and social issues to explore Judaism and Jewish holidays in a manner that was accessible to persons of any faith.

Positive-Historical Judaism in America
Effective March 26, 2007, The Jewish Theological Seminary accepts openly gay students into their rabbinical and cantorial programs. An announcement in the press, first posted on the school's website and typified by Haaretz.com has been made about the admission of and ordination of homosexual students for the rabbinate and for cantorship.
A Conservative Jewish seminary in New York has agreed to admit gays and lesbians who want to become rabbis and cantors, but declined to take a stand on whether rabbis should officiate at same-sex unions. The Jewish Theological Seminary announced its decision yesterday, more than three months after the Rabbinical Assembly's Committee on Jewish Law and Standards authorized the ordination of gays and lesbians.

Admission of GLBT students

Cyrus Adler
Gerson Cohen
Miles Cohen
Arnie Eisen
José Faur
Louis Finkelstein
Israel Francus
Shamma Friedman
Stephen Geller
Neil Gillman
Louis Ginsberg
H. L. Ginzberg
David Weiss Halivni
Abraham Joshua Heschel
Carol K. Ingall
Mordechai Kaplan
Saul Lieberman
Dov Mandelbaum
Barbara Mann
David Marcus
Alexander Marx
Alan Mintz
Yochanan Muffs
David G. Roskies
Joel Roth
Solomon Schechter
Raymond Scheindlin
Ismar Schorsch
Gordon Tucker
Burton Visotzky
Jack Wertheimer
Dov Zlotnick Notable alumni

Conservative Judaism
Jewish Theological Seminary of Breslau
JTS library fire
Jüdisch-Theologisches Seminar
Rabbinical Assembly
Seminario Rabinico Latinoamericano [1]
United Synagogue of Conservative Judaism