SCO OpenServer, previously SCO UNIX and SCO Open Desktop (SCO ODT), is a closed source version of the Unix computer operating system developed by Santa Cruz Operation (SCO) and now maintained by the SCO Group.

OpenServer 6.0

The Santa Cruz Operation and UNIX

Lorton is a census-designated place (CDP) in Fairfax County, Virginia, United States. The population was 17,786 at the 2000 census.

Geography
As of the census of 2000, there were 17,786 people, 5,663 households, and 3,884 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 554.7/km² (1,436.6/mi²). There were 5,892 housing units at an average density of 183.8/km² (475.9/mi²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 48.95% White, 34.66% African American, 0.29% Native American, 7.63% Asian, 0.13% Pacific Islander, 3.92% from other races, and 4.42% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.74% of the population.
There were 5,663 households out of which 42.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 49.5% were married couples living together, 15.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 31.4% were non-families. 23.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 1.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.21.
In the CDP the population was spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 8.4% from 18 to 24, 45.2% from 25 to 44, 18.6% from 45 to 64, and 2.6% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 125.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 133.6 males.
The median income for a household in the CDP was $60,150, and the median income for a family was $63,821. Males had a median income of $43,586 versus $36,694 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $25,146. About 5.0% of families and 6.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 10.5% of those under age 18 and 3.5% of those age 65 or over.

Jan Brożek (Joannes Broscius) (November 1, 1585 - November 21, 1652) was a Polish polymath: a mathematician, physician and astronomer.

Biography
Brożek was born in Kurzelów, Sandomierz Voivodship. He lived in Kraków and Międzyrzec Podlaski. From 1632 till his death he was a parish
Brożek studied at the the Kraków Academy (now known as the Jagiellonian University) and the University of Padua. He served as rector of the Jagiellonian University. He contributed to a greater knowledge of Copernicus' theories and was his ardent supporter and first biographer. He was the most prominent Polish mathematician of the 17th century; working on the theory of numbers (particularly perfect numbers) and geometry. He has also studied medicine, theology and geodesy.
Among the problems he addressed was the question why bees create hexagonal honeycomb and proved that it is the most efficient way of using honey and wax.
He died at Bronowice, now a district of Kraków. One of the later buildings of the Jagiellonian University, Collegium Broscianum, is named in his honor.

As part of the wider Mariner program, in 1969 Mariner 6 and Mariner 7 ( Mariner Mars 69A / 69B) completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying over the equator and south polar regions and analysing atmosphere and surface with remote sensors as well as recording and relaying hundreds of pictures. The mission's goals were to study the surface and atmosphere of Mars during close flybys to establish the basis for future investigations, particularly those relevant to the search for extraterrestrial life, and to demonstrate and develop technologies required for future Mars missions and other long-duration missions far from the Sun. Mariner 6 also had the objective of providing experience and data which would be useful in programming the Mariner 7 encounter 5 days later.
Mariner 6 was launched from Launch Complex 36B at Cape Kennedy and Mariner 7 from Launch Complex 36A at Cape Kennedy.
On July 29, 1969, less than a week before closest approach, JPL lost contact with Mariner 7. They regained the signal via the backup low-gain antenna and were able to start using the high gain antenna again shortly after Mariner 6's close encounter. It was later determined a battery onboard Mariner 7 had exploded. Based on the observations made by Mariner 6, Mariner 7 was reprogrammed in flight to take further observations of areas of interest and actually returned more pictures than Mariner 6, despite the explosion.
By chance, both flew over cratered regions and missed both the giant northern volcanoes and the equatorial grand canyon discovered later. Their approach pictures did, however, photograph about 20% of the planet's surface, showing the dark features long seen from Earth, but none of the canals mistakenly observed by ground-based astronomers. In total 198 photos were taken and transmitted back to earth, adding more detail than the earlier mission, Mariner 4. Both craft also studied the atmosphere of Mars.
The twin Mariner craft made their closest fly-by of Mars at a distance of 2130 miles (3,430 kilometers) on August 5, 1969.
The ultraviolet spectrometer onboard Mariners 6 and 7 was constructed by the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics.
The engineering model of Mariners 6 and 7 still exists, and is owned by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory. It is currently on loan to the Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, and is on display in the lab's lobby.
The craft are now defunct in heliocentric orbits.

Spacecraft and subsystems
The Mariner 6 and 7 spacecraft were identical, consisting of an octagonal magnesium frame base, 138.4 cm diagonally and 45.7 cm deep. A conical superstructure mounted on top of the frame held the high-gain 1 meter diameter parabolic antenna and four solar panels, each measuring 215 x 90 cm, were affixed to the top corners of the frame. The tip-to-tip span of the deployed solar panels was 5.79 m. A low-gain omnidirectional antenna was mounted on a 2.23 m high mast next to the high-gain antenna. Underneath the octagonal frame was a two-axis scan platform which held scientific instruments. Overall science instrument mass was 57.6 kg. The total height of the spacecraft was 3.35 m.
The spacecraft was attitude stabilized in three axes (referenced to the sun and the star, Canopus) through the use of 3 gyros, 2 sets of 6 nitrogen jets mounted on the ends of the solar panels, a Canopus tracker, and two primary and four secondary sun sensors. Propulsion was provided by a 223 N rocket motor mounted within the frame which used monopropellant hydrazine. The nozzle with 4-jet vane vector control protruded from one wall of the octagonal structure. Power was supplied by 17,472 photovoltaic cells covering an area of 7.7 square meters on the four solar panels. These could provide 800 W of power near Earth and 449 W at Mars. The maximum power requirement was 380 W at Mars encounter. A 1200 W·h rechargeable silver-zinc battery was used to provide backup power. Thermal control was achieved through the use of adjustable louvers on the sides of the main compartment.
Three telemetry channels were available for telecommunications. Channel A carried engineering data at 8⅓ or 33⅓ bit/s, channel B carried scientific data at 66⅔ or 270 bit/s and channel C carried science data at 16,200 bit/s. Communications were accomplished via the high- and low-gain antennas via dual S-band travelling wave tube 10/20 W amplifiers for transmission and a single receiver. An analog tape recorder with a capacity of 195 million bits could store television images for subsequent transmission. Other science data was stored on a digital recorder. The command system, consisting of a central computer and sequencer (CC&S), was designed to actuate specific events at precise times. The CC&S was programmed with a standard mission and a conservative backup mission before launch, but could be commanded and reprogrammed in flight. It could perform 53 direct commands, 5 control commands, and 4 quantitative commands.
Instrumentation:

IR Spectrometer
Two-Channel IR Radiometer Mars Surface Temperature
UV Spectrometer
S-Band Occultation
Thermal Control Flux Monitor (Conical Radiometer)
Mars TV Camera
Celestial Mechanics
General Relativity

Racism · Sexism · Ageism · Religious intolerance · Xenophobia
Social Heterosexism · Homophobia · Lesbophobia · Transphobia · Biphobia · Ableism · Sizeism · Heightism · Adultism · Gerontophobia · Misogyny · Misandry · Lookism · Classism · Elitism
Americans · Arabs · Armenians · Australians · Canadians · Catalans · Chinese · English · Europeans · French · Germans · Indians · Iranians · Irish · Italians · Japanese · Jews · Malay · Mexicans · Pakistanis · Poles · Portuguese · Quebecers · Roma · Romanians · Russians · Serbs · Turks
Atheism · Bahá'í · Catholicism · Christianity · Hinduism · Judaism · Mormonism · Islam · Neopaganism · Protestantism ·
Slavery · Racial profiling · Lynching · Hate speech · Hate crime · Genocide · Ethnocide · Ethnic cleansing · Pogrom · Race war · Religious persecution · Gay bashing · The Holocaust · Armenian Genocide · Blood libel · Black Legend · Paternalism · Ephebiphobia
Discriminatory Hate groups · Aryanism · Ku Klux Klan · Neo-Nazism · American Nazi Party · South African National Party · Kahanism · Supremacism Anti-discriminatory Abolitionism · Civil rights · LGBT rights · Women's/Universal suffrage · Feminism · Masculism Men's/Fathers rights Children's rights · Youth rights · Disability rights · Inclusion · Autistic rights · Equalism
Discriminatory Affirmative action · Apartheid · Internment · Race/Religion/Sex segregation · Racial quota · Redlining · Reparations · Reservation · Forced busing Anti-discriminatory Emancipation · Civil rights · Desegregation · Integration Discriminatory Anti-miscegenation · Anti-immigration · Alien and Sedition Acts · Jim Crow laws · Black codes · Apartheid laws · Nuremberg Laws Anti-discriminatory List of anti-discrimination acts
Nepotism · Cronyism · Colorism · Linguicism · Ethnocentrism · Triumphalism · Adultcentrism · Isolationism · Gynocentrism · Androcentrism · Economic discrimination
Bigotry · Prejudice · Supremacism · Intolerance · Tolerance · Diversity · Multiculturalism · Political correctness · Reverse discrimination · Eugenics · Racialism · Speciesism
Anti-Arabism is prejudice or hostility against Arabs. According to The Guardian, "anti-Arabism" is considered to be the same as anti-Arab racism although there are religious minorities among the Arabs predominantly Arab Christians.

Historical anti-Arabism

Modern anti-Arabism
The Cronulla riots in Sydney, Australia in December 2005 have been described as "anti-Arab racism" by community leaders.

Australia
In May 2005, there have been explosive riots between North Africans and Romas in Perpignan, France, after young Arab man was shot dead and another Arab man was lynched by a of group Roma.

France
The constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran provides for the teaching of non-Persian languages and non-Persian media and equal rights, without privileging any race, colour or linguistic group (see: Current policy towards ethnic minorities in Iran). Arabs are therefore granted legal equality with other Iranian ethnic groups. However, human rights group Amnesty International claims that in practice, Arabs are among a number of ethnic minorities that are disadvantaged and suffer discrimination by the authorities. is the main reason behind the inability of the Iranian government to generate economic growth and welfare at ground levels in all cities across the nation, rather than a state ethnic policy targeted specifically at Arabs; Iran is ranked 156th on the Heritage Foundation's 2006 Index of Economic Freedom.

Iran
During the latter part of the October 2000 events, thousands of Jewish Israelis rioted in Nazareth and Tel Aviv, throwing stones at Arabs, destroying Arab property and chanting "Death to Arabs".
See also: Israeli Arab Discrimination

Israel
In 2004, the Young Patriots of Abidjan, strongly nationalist organisation, rallied by the State media, plundered possessions of foreign nationals in Abidjan. Calls for violence against whites and non-Ivorians were broadcast on national radio and TV after the Young Patriots seized control of its offices. Rapes, beatings, and murders of white expatriates and local Lebanese followed. Thousands of expatriates and Lebanese fled. The attacks drew international condemnation.

Ivory Coast
In October 2006, Niger announced that it would deport the Arabs living in the Diffa region of eastern Niger to Chad.

Niger
During the 1991 Gulf war, anti-Arab sentiments increased in the United States.

Western media

Anti-Arabism in polls
In March 1990, according to a poll reported in Le Monde:

76% of those polled said that there were too many Arabs in France (46% said there were too many blacks);
39% said they had an "aversion" to Arabs (21% to blacks). France
A recent poll conducted by an Israeli research institute found widespread mistrust of the Arab population in Israel.

41% were in favour of segregation
40% believed "the state needs to support the emigration of Arab citizens"
63% believed Arabs to be a "security and demographic threat" to Israel
More than two thirds would not want to live in the same building as an Arab
36% believed Arab culture to be inferior
18% felt hatred when they heard Arabic spoken Israel
The American-Arab Anti-Discrimination Committee is a group founded to counter anti-Arab discrimination.

Organizations

Anti-Persian sentiments
Eurabia
1989 events
Killing an Arab

Tampa Red (1904-1981), born Hudson Woodbridge, was an influential American musician. He is best known for his accomplished guitar playing in the blues field, but in a career spanning over 30 years he also recorded pop, R&B and hokum (see below) records.
He was born in Smithville, Georgia, but later moved to Tampa, Florida, which became part of his nickname (the other part came from his red hair). In the 1920s he moved to Chicago, Illinois where he began his career as a musician. His big break was being hired to accompany Ma Rainey and he began recording in 1928 with "It's Tight Like That", in a bawdy and whimsical style that became known as hokum. Early recordings were mostly collaborations with Thomas A. Dorsey (also known as Georgia Tom). Tampa Red and Georgia Tom recorded almost 90 sides, sometimes as "The Hokum Boys" or as "Tampa Red's Hokum Jug Band". He was also a close friend and associate of Big Bill Broonzy. He seems to have enjoyed commercial success and reasonable prosperity, and his home became a centre for the blues community, informally providing rehearsal space, bookings, and even boarding.
Tampa Red is considered an influential figure in the blues, having an impact on Muddy Waters, Elmore James, Big Maceo Merriweather, Mose Allison and many others with his song style and polished bottleneck style. Into the 1930s, he was billed as The Guitar Wizard. He played a National Resonator Guitar, the loudest and showiest guitar available before amplification, acquiring one in the first year they were available. The National guitar he used was a gold-plated tricone, and it has never been found. Tampa Red was known as "The Man With The Gold Guitar".
By the 1940s he was playing electric guitar, and his 1949 recording "When Things Go Wrong with You (It Hurts Me Too)" was covered by Elmore James. He was "rediscovered" in the late 1950s, like many other surviving early recorded blues artists, as part of the blues revival (see e.g. Son House, Skip James). His final, undistinguished, recordings were in 1960.

Windows Home Server Release Candidate 1  (June 12, 2007) _[+/-]
Windows redirects here. For the building material, see Window.
Microsoft Windows is the name of several families of software operating systems by Microsoft. Microsoft first introduced an operating environment named Windows in November 1985 as an add-on to MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUI).

Versions
The early versions of Windows were often thought of as just graphical user interfaces, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services. 16-bit Windows versions include Windows 1.0 (1985), Windows 2.0 (1987) and its close relative Windows/286.

16-bit operating environments
Windows/386 introduced a 32-bit protected mode kernel and virtual machine monitor. For the duration of a Windows session, it created one or more virtual 8086 environments and provided device virtualization for the video card, keyboard, mouse, timer and interrupt controller inside each of them. The user-visible consequence was that it became possible to preemptively multitask multiple MS-DOS environments in separate Windows (graphical applications required switching the window to full screen mode). Windows applications were still multi-tasked cooperatively inside one of such real-mode environments.
Windows 3.0 (1990) and Windows 3.1 (1992) improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) which allowed them to share arbitrary devices between multitasked DOS windows.

Hybrid 16/32-bit operating environments
With the introduction of 32-bit Windows for Workgroups 3.11, Windows could finally stop relying on DOS for file management. Microsoft left little time for Windows Me to become popular before announcing their next version of Windows which would be called Windows XP.

Hybrid 16/32-bit operating systems
This family of Windows systems was fashioned and marketed for higher-reliability business use, and was unencumbered by any Microsoft DOS patrimony. and was released as a business system. The home consumer edition of Windows 2000, codenamed "Windows Neptune," ceased development and Microsoft released Windows Me in its place. Eventually "Neptune" was merged into their new project, Whistler, which later became Windows XP. Since then, a new business system, Windows Server 2003, has expanded the top end of the range, and the newly released Windows Vista will complete it. Windows CE, Microsoft's offering in the mobile and embedded markets, is also a true 32-bit operating system that offers various services for all sub-operating workstations.

32-bit operating systems
Windows NT included support for several different platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Versions of NT from 3.1 to 4.0 supported DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000, which were 64-bit processors, although the operating system treated them as 32-bit processors.
With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture, Microsoft released new versions of Windows 2000 to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 (32-bit) counterparts. On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and x64 versions of Windows Server 2003 to support the AMD64/Intel64 (or x64 in Microsoft terminology) architecture. Microsoft dropped support for the Itanium version of Windows XP in 2005. The modern 64-bit Windows family comprises Windows XP Professional x64 Edition for AMD64/Intel64 systems, and Windows Server 2003, in both Itanium and x64 editions. Windows Vista is the first end-user version of Windows that Microsoft has released simultaneously in 32-bit and x64 editions. Windows Vista does not support the Itanium architecture.

64-bit operating systems

Main article: History of Microsoft Windows History
Security has been a hot topic with Windows for many years, and even Microsoft itself has been the victim of security breaches. Windows was originally designed for ease-of-use on a single-user PC without a network connection, and did not have security features built in from the outset

Security
On 6 January 2005, Microsoft released a beta version of Microsoft AntiSpyware, based upon the previously released Giant AntiSpyware. On 14 February 2006, Microsoft AntiSpyware became Windows Defender with the release of beta 2. Windows Defender is a freeware program designed to protect against spyware and other unwanted software. Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 users who have genuine copies of Microsoft Windows can freely download the program from Microsoft's web site, and Windows Defender ships as part of Windows Vista.

Windows Defender
In an article based on a report by Symantec

Third-party analysis
Current for SP1 and SP2

Timeline of releases
Microsoft has stopped releasing updates and hotfixes for many old Windows operating systems, including all versions of Windows 9x and earlier versions of Windows NT. Support for Windows 98, Windows 98 Second Edition and Windows Me ended in July 11, 2006, and Extended Support for Windows NT 4.0 ended in December 31, 2004. Security updates were also discontinued for Windows XP 64-bit Edition after the release of the more recent Windows XP Professional x64 Edition.
Windows 2000 is currently in the Extended Support Period, and this period will not end until July 13, 2010. Only security updates will be provided during Extended Support; indicating that no new service packs will be released for Windows 2000.

Ivan Isayevich Bolotnikov (Иван Исаевич Болотников) (?—1608) was the leader of the uprising of 1606-1607 (Bolotnikov rebellion, Восстание Ивана Болотникова), which was part of the Time of Troubles in Russia.
Bolotnikov was a fugitive kholop (a kholop, also chlop in Polish is a serf, slave), who joined the Cossacks, was captured by Crimean Tatars, sold in Turkey to galleys, escaped to Venice, learned about False Dmitriy I and went to Russia via Germany and Poland. In the town of Putyvl he gathered his first regiment. His army quickly grew, supported by promises of False Dmitriy. Its ranks comprised of serfs, free peasants, cossacks, and many other categories of the population, even several boyars and knyazes. In his proclamations Bolotnikov rallied not only against tsar Vasili Shuysky, but also called for the abolition of serfdom.
At the peak of the uprising it controlled over 70 towns in Southwestern and Southern Russia and lower and middle Volga basin. In October-December, 1606 he besieged Moscow, but had to retreat to Kaluga . In 1607 he was defeated and captured under Tula. In 1608 he was blinded and drowned.

Folding@home (also known as FAH or F@H) is a distributed computing project designed to perform computationally intensive simulations of protein folding and other molecular dynamics simulations. It was launched on October 1, 2000, and is currently managed by the Pande Group, within Stanford University's Chemistry department, under the supervision of Professor Vijay S. Pande. Folding@home is one of the largest distributed computing projects.

How it works
Shortly after breaking the 200,000 active CPU count on September 20, 2005, the Folding@home project celebrated its fifth anniversary on October 1, 2005.
As of May 31, 2007 the peak speed of the project overall has reached over 1 PFLOPS.

Participation
There used to be cooperation between Folding@home and Google Labs. This came in the form of Google Compute. Google Compute supported Folding@home during its early stage — when Folding@home had ~10,000 active CPUs. At that time, a boost of 20,000 machines was very significant. Now, the Folding@home client is considerably more mature than it was 5 years ago, and the project has a large number of active CPUs. The number of new clients joining Google Compute was very low (most people opted for the Folding@home client instead) and so it didn't make sense to continue it. Also, the Google Compute clients had certain limits: they could only run the TINKER core, limited naming, and team options. Folding@home is no longer supported on Google Toolbar, and even the old Google Toolbar client will not work.

Google & Folding@home

High performance platforms

Graphical processing units
Stanford announced in August 2006 that a folding client will be available to run on the Sony PlayStation 3.

Multi-core processing client
A typical Folding@home user, running the client on a single PC, will likely not be ranked high on the list of contributors. However, if the user were to join a team, they would add the points they receive to a larger collective. Teams work by using the combined score of all their members. Thus, teams are ranked much higher than individual submitters. Rivalries between teams create friendly competition that benefits the folding community. Many teams publish their own stats, so members can have intra-team competitions for top spots. Teams offer no real benefits other than ones of self-gratification, and possibly extra contributions (to add to the teams rank).

Source code

Blue Gene
List of distributed computing projects

This article is about the former governor of New Jersey. For his son, see Thomas Kean Jr.
Thomas Howard Kean (born April 21, 1935 in New York City) is an American Republican Party politician, who served as the 48th Governor of New Jersey, from 1982 to 1990. Kean is best known globally, however, for his 2002 appointment as Chairman of the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, widely known as the 9/11 Commission, which was responsible for investigating the causes of the September 11, 2001 attacks and providing recommendations to prevent future terrorist attacks. He was appointed to this post by U.S. President George W. Bush.

Early life
Kean was educated at St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts, and then at Princeton University in Princeton, New Jersey and Teachers College, Columbia University in New York City.

Education
Originally a teacher of history and government, Kean was elected, in 1967, as a Republican to the New Jersey General Assembly.
With a split among the Assembly's Democrats, Kean obtained the support of one of the Democratic factions and thereby was elected New Jersey Assembly Speaker in 1972. In the next Assembly, in 1974, the Democrats united behind one candidate for Speaker and Kean was relegated to minority leader of the Assembly. In 1973, he briefly served as acting New Jersey Governor.

New Jersey political career
In 1977, Kean ran unsuccessfully for the Republican nomination for New Jersey Governor. Although he has spent most of his career as a political moderate, in this 1977 race Kean ran to the right of New Jersey Senate Minority Leader Raymond Bateman. Bateman defeated Kean and won the nomination, though Bateman went on to lose the general election to Brendan Byrne.

1977 Gubernatorial loss
Kean fared better four years later, in 1981, when he again ran for Governor, and this time defeated U.S. Representative James Florio in the closest election in New Jersey Gubernatorial election history; Kean won by fewer than 1,800 votes.
Kean proved hugely popular in office. In striking contrast to his slim 1981 victory, he won re-election in 1985 with the largest margin of victory in the history of New Jersey Gubernatorial races, defeating Peter Shapiro, then the Essex County County Executive.

1981 Gubernatorial victory and 1985 re-election
In 1988, reflecting his stature as an up-and-coming leader of the Republican Party's moderate wing, Kean delivered the keynote speech at the 1988 Republican National Convention in New Orleans. The same year, he also authored a book, The Politics of Inclusion, published by Free Press, which urged political cooperation among historically divided interest groups and politicians.

1988 Republican Convention speech
Limited to two Gubernatorial terms by the New Jersey State Constitution, Kean left office in January, 1990 as one of the most popular political figures in New Jersey political history. He was succeeded by Florio, who won a landslide victory in November 1989. Former New Jersey gubernatorial candidate Doug Forrester, New Jersey Congressman Bob Franks, and other leading New Jersey and national Republican figures began their political and public policy careers in his state administration.

Gubernatorial legacy
Following the end of his second Gubernatorial term, Kean was named President of Drew University, a small liberal arts university in Madison, New Jersey. Kean's considerable standing as a popular former governor of the state was helpful as he undertook an upgrading of the university's campus and academic programs. Popular among the student body, Kean served as Drew's President until 2005.

Drew University

Involvement beginning in 1990

Main article: 9/11 Commission Heading the September 11 Commission
Bush initially selected former Nixon Secretary of State Henry Kissinger to head the Commission, known as the "National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States", or the 9/11 Commission. But on December 13, 2002, Kissinger resigned as the Commission's Chairman under pressure related to his global business conflicts.
Noting Kean's post-Gubernatorial foreign policy involvement and his reputation as a consensus-oriented political leader, Bush nominated Kean to succeed Kissinger in leading the important and politically-sensitive Commission. The Commission is widely considered the most important independent U.S. government commission since the Warren Commission, which was charged with investigating the 1963 assassination of President John F. Kennedy, and perhaps the most important in American history given its mammoth responsibility for investigating the causes of the first foreign attack on the U.S. mainland since the War of 1812, and recommending steps to defend the U.S. from future attacks. Kean's appointment to head the Commission, and later the work and final report of the Commission, drew substantial global attention.

Bush appoints Kean
Just as some had criticized Kissinger's nomination, Kean's leadership of the Commission also drew some criticism. Some alleged that Kean did not have the depth of foreign policy and national security expertise needed to manage an investigation so integral to the future of American national security. Supporters of Kean in the Bush administration and elsewhere, however, countered that Kean's work since 1990 as a board member of the National Endowment for Democracy, the post-Castro Cuba Commission and his foreign policy and national security commentary and analysis following his Governorship established adequate national secrurity and foreign policy credentials for him to assume such a critically important assignment.
Once the Commission began its work, some critics argued that Kean, the Commission members, and the Commission staff almost all had various business and political conflicts that made it difficult to lay blame on their political allies. One prominent example was the Commission's Staff Director, Philip D. Zelikow, who had served on George W. Bush's Presidential transition team and had worked closely with U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice, a key Commission witness, in the George H. W. Bush administration.
Kean has also been criticized for using his role as the chairman of the 9/11 Commission in order to make profit, such as his book, Without Precedent. Some also argue that his endorsement of TV movie, The Path to 9/11, was misguided. The film features some scenes which are known to be unfactual, according to those involved and the official 9/11 Commission Report. Kean was also a paid consultant to the film and was credited as an executive producer.

Criticisms of Kean's 9/11 Chairmanship

Main article: 9/11 Commission Report Kean: 9/11 was "preventable"
On August 15, 2006, a book by Kean and 9/11 Commission Vice Chairman Lee H. Hamilton, titled Without Precedent: The Inside Story of the 9/11 Commission, was released regarding the September 11 attacks and the September 11 Commission.
In the book, Kean and Hamilton write that the 9/11 Commission was so frustrated with repeated misstatements by officials from The Pentagon and Federal Aviation Administration during their investigation that they considered a separate investigation into possible obstruction of justice by Pentagon and FAA officials.
The book is published by Alfred A. Knopf.

Without Precedent
Kean served as a paid consultant and spokesman for the ABC miniseries The Path to 9/11, which aired nationally and without commercial interruption on September 10, 2006. On September 11, the second part of the miniseries aired, also without commercial interruption, with the exception of a 20-minute break at 9pm ET, when President Bush addressed the nation on the fifth anniversary of the September 11 attacks.
While not technically considered a documentary by ABC, prior to its airing, the series drew criticism for misrepresenting facts leading up the September 11 attacks. Many former high-ranking Clinton administration officials, including Clinton himself, and other scholars, have publicly questioned the accuracy of the miniseries and asked for it not be aired. Former Secretary of State Madeleine Albright has called the miniseries portrayal of her as "false and defamatory"[1]. Former U.S. Ambassador to Yemen Barbara Bodine also criticized her character's portrayal, complaining in the Los Angeles Times about the "mythmakers" who created the film, calling the project "false."[2]
Kean defended the docudrama in July 2006 and until the eve of the broadcast, declining to disclose the amount of his payment from ABC for supporting the project.

ABC's The Path to 9/11
On July 4, 2007, the terrorist group Al-Qaeda publicly released a video, featuring its Deputy Chief Ayman al-Zawahri urging all Muslims to unite in a holy war against the U.S. in Iraq and elsewhere. The 95-minute video was discovered and released by U.S. intelligence forces and, in addition to al-Zawahri's comments, featured video excerpts of Kean citing Al-Qaeda as one of the most formidable security threats that the U.S. has ever confronted, presumably with the intention of bolstering the morale of Al-Qaeda supporters through Kean's citation of the magnitude of the movement's strength and threat. Comments by Kean cited on the video include a reference to the fact that Al-Qaeda remains as strong in 2007 as it was before the September 11, 2001 attacks.
The video also appeared to validate that Al-Qaeda was closely monitoring U.S. political developments, especially including the work of the September 11 Commission, which Kean chaired. It also suggested that Al-Qaeda intended to focus not just on engaging the West in Iraq, but also in other countries. "As for the second half of the long-term plan," al-Zawahri says on the video, "it consists of hurrying to the fields of Jihad like Afghanistan, Iraq and Somalia for Jihadi preparation and training"[3].

July 2007 Al-Qaeda video cites Kean comments on Al-Qaeda's strength
As of 2004, Kean was a member of a number of corporate board of directors, including ARAMARK, Hess Corporation, Pepsi Bottling Group, and major financial firms CIT Group Incorporated and Franklin Templeton Investments.

Personal
Kean University in Union Township, New Jersey, formerly located in Newark and named Newark State College and Kean College, is named in memory of Kean's father, Robert, who served New Jersey in the United States House of Representatives from 1939 to 1959. The land the university currently sits on was once owned by the Kean Family

The Tai languages are a subgroup of the Tai-Kadai language family. The Tai languages include the most widely spoken of the Tai-Kadai languages, including Thai, the national language of Thailand, Lao or Laotian, the national language of Laos, Myanmar's Shan language, and Zhuang, a major language of southern China.

Central Tai languages (6)

• Southern Zhuang (China)
  E (China)
  Man Cao Lan (Vietnam)
  Nung (Vietnam)
  Tày (Tho) (Vietnam)
  Ts'ün-Lao (Vietnam)
  East Central Tai languages (1)
  
  
  
  • Northwest Tai languages (1)
    
    
    
    • Turung (India)
      Northern Tai languages (4)
      
      
      
      • Northern Zhuang (China)
        Nhang (Vietnam)
        Bouyei (Buyi) (China)
        Tai Mène (Laos)
        Southwestern Tai languages (32)
        
        
        
        • Tai Ya (China)
          East Central Tai languages (10)
          
          
          
          • Chiang Saeng languages (8)
            
            
            
            • Tai Dam (Vietnam)
              Northern Thai (Lanna, Thai Yuan) (Thailand, Laos)
              Phuan (Thailand)
              Thai Song (Thailand)
              Thai (Thailand)
              Tai Hang Tong (Vietnam)
              Tai Dón (Vietnam)
              Tai Daeng (Vietnam)
              Tay Tac (Vietnam)
              Thu Lao (Vietnam)
              Lao-Phutai languages (4)
              
              
              
              • Lao (Laos)
                Nyaw (Thailand)
                Phu Thai (Thailand)
                Isan (Northeastern Thai) (Thailand, Laos)
                Northwestern Tai languages (9)
                
                
                
                • Ahom (India - extinct. Modern Assamese is Indo-European.)
                  Aiton (India)
                  Lü (Lue, Tai Lue) (China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, Myanmar)
                  Khamti (India, Myanmar)
                  Khün (Myanmar)
                  Khamyang (India)
                  Phake (India)
                  Shan (Myanmar)
                  Tai Nüa (China, Vietnam, Thailand, Laos)
                  Pu Ko (Laos)
                  Pa Di (China)
                  Southern Tai languages (1)
                  
                  
                  
                  • Southern Thai (Pak Thai) (Thailand)
                    Tai Thanh (Vietnam)
                    Tày Sa Pa (Vietnam)
                    Tai Long (Laos)
                    
                    
                    
                    • Tai Hongjin (China)
                      Yong (Thailand)
                      Unclassified Southwestern
                      
                      
                      
                      • Tai Hongjin (China)
                        Yong (Thailand)
                        Unclassified (1)
                        
                        
                        
                        • Kuan (Laos)
                          Rien (Laos)
                          Tay Khang (Laos)
                          Tai Pao (Laos)
                          Tai Do (Vietnam)

Horio Tadauji (堀尾 忠氏; 1578 – August 8, 1604) was a tozama daimyō in the Azuchi-Momoyama period and Edo period. His father was Horio Yoshiharu.
In 1600 at the Battle of Sekigahara, acting as a substitute for Yoshiharu who had been injured in the runup to the battle, Tadauji took part in Tokugawa Ieyasu's force. After the battle, Ieyasu praise Tadauji for his credit and add his domain to 240,000 koku at Izumo Province.
In 1604, Tadauji died from a disease before Yoshiharu.

Rupert, Count Palatine of the Rhine, Duke of Bavaria (German: Ruprecht Pfalzgraf bei Rhein, Herzog von Bayern), commonly called Prince Rupert of the Rhine, (17 December 1619 – 19 November 1682), soldier, inventor and amateur artist in mezzotint, was a younger son of Frederick V, Elector Palatine and Elizabeth Stuart, and the nephew of King Charles I of England, who created him Duke of Cumberland and Earl of Holderness.
Prince Rupert had a very varied career. He was a soldier from a young age, fighting against Spain in the Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire in Germany. Aged 23, he was appointed commander of the Royalist cavalry during the English Civil War. He surrendered after the Battle of Naseby and was banished from the British Isles. He spent some time in Royalist forces in exile, first on land then as at sea. He then became a buccaneer in the Caribbean. Following the restoration, Rupert returned to England, becoming a naval commander, inventor, artist and first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company. Prince Rupert died in England in 1682, aged 62.

Career During the Civil War
For some time after this Rupert commanded the troops formed of English exiles in the French army, and received a wound at Marshal de Gassion's siege of La Bassée in 1647. Then, following a degree of reconciliation with Charles, he obtained command of a Royalist fleet. A long and unprofitable naval campaign followed, which extended from Kinsale to Lisbon and from Toulon to Cape Verde. However, following a naval defeat by Admiral Robert Blake, Rupert took refuge in the West Indies. There he followed the life of a buccaneer, preying on English shipping. It was during this time period that his beloved brother Maurice, who captained one of the ships in Rupert's small flotilla, was killed. But the prince again quarrelled with the Royalist advisers, and spent six obscure years (1654 to 1660) in Germany and the Netherlands, vainly attempting (as also before and afterwards) to obtain his rightful apanage as a younger son from his brother Charles I Louis, Elector Palatine.

After the Civil War
Following the Restoration of the monarchy under Charles II, Rupert returned to the service of England, accepting an annuity and becoming a member of the privy council. He never again fought on land, but, turning admiral like Blake and Monk, he bore a brilliant part in the Second Anglo-Dutch War as actual supreme commander of the British fleet from June 1666, gaining a victory in the St James's Day Battle. His efforts in the Third Anglo-Dutch War met with humiliating failure (Battles of Schooneveld, Battle of Texel).
At some point Rupert, a talented amateur artist, had learned of the printmaking process of mezzotint invented in 1642 by Ludwig von Siegen, a German Lieutenant-Colonel who was also an amateur artist. Whether the two ever met is a subject of scholarly controversy, but Siegen had worked as chamberlain, and probably part-tutor, to Rupert's young cousin William VI, Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, with whom Rupert discussed the technique in letters from 1654.
Rupert produced a few stylish prints in the technique, mostly copies of paintings, and introduced it to England after the Restoration. He was wrongly credited by John Evelyn as its inventor in 1662. However Rupert appears to have invented, or perfected, the "rocker", a key tool in the process. It was Wallerant Vaillant, Rupert's artistic assistant or tutor, who first popularised the process and exploited it commercially.
In 1670, Rupert became the first Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company, after having sponsored an expedition of Radisson and des Groseilliers into Hudson Bay. The HBC was granted a trading monopoly in the whole Hudson Bay watershed area, an immense territory named Rupert's Land. In 1869, control of this territory reverted to the British and Canadian governments..
In retirement he continued to hold important governmental posts; from 1673, when he was 54, to 1679, he served as England's Lord High Admiral. He did not marry but lived in the 1670s with a Drury Lane actress named Peg Hughes and had a daughter by her, named Ruperta. Ruperta married Emanuel Scrope Howe, (1663-1709), brother of 1st Viscount Howe (1648-1713), and had five children, Sophia, William, Emanuel, James and Henrietta.
Prince Rupert died at his house in Spring Gardens, Westminster, on 19 November 1682, and was buried in Westminster Abbey.
Prince Rupert, British Columbia and the Rupert River in Quebec are named after him.

Career Following the Restoration

Ancestors
Prince Rupert is the protagonist of Poul Anderson's alternate history/fantasy book "A Midsummer Tempest" - where the Prince, with the help of various Shakespearean characters who are actual persons in this timeline, eventually defeats Cromwell and wins the English Civil War.

Notes

Virtual Vault, an online exhibition of Canadiana at Library and Archives Canada

S Korean hostages taste freedom but fear over others

GHAZNI, AFGHANISTAN: Two South Korean women freed by Afghanistan's Taliban began on Tuesday to make the long journey home, where their families spoke of their joy but worried over the fate of 19 other hostages.

Pale, tearful and clutching Muslim headscarves, the women were handed over to international aid agency officials near the southern Afghan town of Ghazni late on Monday and sped off to waiting South Korean representatives.

The pair -- Kim Gin-A, 32, and Kim Kyung-Ja, 37 -- were at a safe place, a South Korean embassy spokesman said under cover of anonymity. Details for their departure from Afghanistan had not been finalised.

A South Korean foreign ministry official who did not want to be named said they would have a medical check-up at the Bagram military base north of Kabul before being flown home.