Bahá'í Faith
Bahá'u'lláh The Báb · `Abdu'l-Bahá
The Hidden Words Some Answered Questions
Administrative Order The Guardianship Universal House of Justice Spiritual Assemblies Bahá'í history · Timeline Bábís · Shaykh Ahmad
Shoghi Effendi Martha Root · Táhirih Badí' · Apostles Hands of the Cause
Symbols · Laws Teachings · Literature Calendar · Divisions Pilgrimage A pioneer is a volunteer Bahá'í who leaves his or her home to journey to another place (often another country) for the purpose of teaching the Bahá'í Faith. The act of so moving is termed pioneering. Bahá'ís refrain from using the term "missionary".
During the Ten Year Crusade which ran from 1953 to 1963, hundreds of pioneers settled in countries and territories throughout the world, which eventually led to the establishment of 44 new National and Regional Spiritual Assemblies and the increase in the Bahá'í population.

Teaching versus proselytization
For Bahá'ís, pioneering refers to something similar to missionary work. However, Bahá'ís do not consider pioneering to be proselytism, a word which often has negative associations with coercive Christian missionaries.
"Care, however, should, at all times, be exercised, lest in their eagerness to further the international interests of the Faith they frustrate their purpose, and turn away, through any act that might be misconstrued as an attempt to proselytize and bring undue pressure upon them, those whom they wish to win over to their Cause."

In probability theory, Maxwell's theorem, named in honor of James Clerk Maxwell, states that if the probability distribution of a vector-valued random variable X = ( X₁, ..., X_n ).

Basic meaning and etymology
As a proper noun, The Kirk is an informal name for the Church of Scotland, the country's national church. The Kirk of Scotland was in official use as the name of the Church of Scotland until the 17th century, and still today the term is frequently used in the press and everyday speech, though seldom in the Church's own literature. However, Kirk Session is still the standard term in church law for the court of elders in the local parish, both in the Church of Scotland and in any of the other Scottish Presbyterian denominations.

The Church of Scotland
Even more commonly, The Free Kirk is heard as an informal name for the Free Church of Scotland, an evangelical presbyterian church formed in 1843 when its founders withdrew from the Church of Scotland. See:

Free Church of Scotland (1843-1900)
Free Church of Scotland (post 1900) High Kirk
Like words meaning "church" in other languages, kirk is found as an element in many place names in Scotland and northern England, and in countries with large Scottish expatriate communities. Examples include Falkirk or Kirkwall in Scotland, Kirkstall in England and Newkirk, Oklahoma in the United States. For a fuller list, see Kirk as a placename element.
What may be slightly surprising is that this element is found not only in place names of Anglo-Saxon origin, but also in some Southern Scottish names of Gaelic origin such as Kirkcudbright (where the second element is the Gaelic form of "Cuthbert"). Here, the Gaelic element cil- (church, monk's cell) might be expected. The reason appears to be that kirk was borrowed into Galwegian Gaelic, though it was never part of standard Scottish Gaelic.
When the element appears in placenames in the former British empire, a distinction can be made between those where the element is productive (the place is named because of the presence of a church) and those where it is merely transferred (the place is named after a place in Scotland). Kirkland, Washington is an exception, being named after a person.
The element kirk is also used in anglicisations of continental European place names originally formed from one of the continental Germanic cognates. Thus Dunkirk (France) is a rendering of an original Dutch form, Duinkerke.
See: David Dorward, Scotland's Place-names, 1995, p.82f. ISBN 1-873644-50-7

Beyond the Fringe was a British comedy stage revue written and performed by Peter Cook, Dudley Moore, Alan Bennett and Jonathan Miller. It played in Britain's West End and on New York's Broadway in the early 1960s, and is widely regarded as seminal to the rise of satire in 1960s Britain.

The show
The revue was widely seen to be ahead of its time, both in its unapologetic willingness to debunk figures of authority, and by its inherently surrealistic comedic vein. Humiliation of authority was something only previously delved into in The Goon Show, with such figures as Winston Churchill and Harold Macmillan coming under special scrutiny — although the BBC were quick to frown upon it. Mr Macmillan — according to Cook — was not particularly fond of the slurred caricature and charade of senile forgetfulness (marked by a failure to coherently pronounce 'Conservative Party') handed down on him in Cook's impersonation. Since Beyond the Fringe was not owned by the BBC, however, the troupe had the artistic licence to do as they saw fit. Most specifically, its lampooning of the British war effort was scorned by some war veterans for its supposed insensitivity when touching upon the issue of warzone fatalities. (One British visitor to the Broadway performance was said to have stood up and shouted 'rotters!' at a sketch he found distasteful, before apparently sitting down again and enjoying the remainder of the show.) In response to this the Beyond the Fringe team insisted that they were not ridiculing the hundreds of fatalities therein, but were challenging the perceptions held by a small proportion of the British media, via the avenue of comedic expression.

Influence

Discography

Cook, P. et al. (2003) Beyond the Fringe ISBN 0-413-77368-X
Carpenter, Humphrey (2000) That was Satire that was ISBN 0-575-06588-5
Cook, W (Ed) (2004) Goodbye Again ISBN 1-84413-400-8
Bennett, Alan (1994) Writing Home ISBN 0-571-17388-8
Paskin, Barbra (1997) Dudley Moore ISBN 0-330-35322-5
Thompson, Harry (1997) Peter Cook ISBN 0-340-64969-0

The European Challenge Cup in rugby union, known as the Parker Pen Shield from 2001 to 2003 and Parker Pen Challenge Cup from 2003 to 2005, is the sister competition to the Heineken Cup. It is competed for by teams from England, France, Wales, Ireland, Scotland, Italy, Romania, and on some occasions, Spain and Portugal, on a pool, and then knock-out, basis. The current holders are French club Clermont, who defeated Bath 22-16 in 2007.

History
European club rugby began with the launch of the Heineken Cup in the summer of 1995
The Challenge Cup began as the 'European Conference' (later renamed the European Shield) in 1996 with twenty-four teams from England, France, Italy, Romania, Scotland and Wales divided into four groups of six. All seven of the French teams made it to the quarter-finals with English club Northampton Saints filling the other berth. Predictably, the final was an all-French affair with Bourgoin beating Castres Olympique 18-9 to win the shield.
The following year's competition had an increased entry with eight groups of four teams. Colomiers continued the French dominance of the European Shield, defeating Agen 43-5 in the final.
The absence of English and Scottish clubs in 1998/99 saw the competition reduced to twenty-one teams divided into three groups of seven teams with the Spanish and Portuguese national teams taking part. Once again, a French team was triumphant, with Montferrand beating holders Bourgoin 35-16 in the final held in Lyon.
With English and Scottish clubs back in the competition in 1999, there were 28 teams split in seven groups of four and London Irish and Bristol reached the semi-finals of the competition, but couldn't prevent another all-French final with Pau crowned champions after a 34-21 defeat of Castres.

A new era 2000-onwards
England, France, Wales, Ireland, and Scotland set their own criteria for qualification for the Heineken Cup. All the clubs that do not qualify for the Heineken Cup enter the European Challenge Cup. Italy enters 4 clubs: those finishing 3rd and 4th in the Super 10, and the winners of play-offs between 5th and 8th, and 6th and 7th. Romania is represented by Bucureşti Rugby who are specially formed for this competition.
There are five pools of four teams who play each other home and away matches. The winners of each pool and the three best runners up will qualify for the quarter-finals. The semi-finals will be one-off matches played at home venues and the final at a neutral venue.

Draw
Pool 1 – Bayonne, Bristol, Bucureşti, Newport Gwent Dragons
Pool 2 – G.R.A.N. Parma, Glasgow Warriors, Narbonne, Saracens
Pool 3 – Brive, Montauban, Newcastle Falcons, Petrarca Padova
Pool 4 – Bath, Connacht, Montpellier, Harlequins
Pool 5 – Albi, Clermont Auvergne, Viadana, Worcester Warriors,

2006-07 teams
The Quarter finals will be played on the weekend of 30 / 31 March and 1 April:
The Semi finals will be played on the weekend of 21/22 April:

Match A Clermont Auvergne vs Newcastle Falcons
Match B Saracens vs Glasgow Warriors
Match C Bath vs Bristol
Match D Newport Gwent Dragons vs Brive 2006/7 Quarter final & Semi final qualifiers

Final

By total wins

Parker Pen Cup and Shield History
History from the official site

The Free State of Thuringia (German: Freistaat Thüringen) is located in central Germany. It has an area of 16,200 square kilometers (6,254.9 sq mi) and 2.33 million inhabitants, making it the sixth smallest by area and the fifth smallest by population of Germany's sixteen Bundesländer (federal states). The capital is Erfurt.

Geography

Towns
Named after the Thuringian people who occupied it around 300 AD, Thuringia came under Frankish domination in the 6th century, forming a part (from 1130 a landgravate) of the subsequent Holy Roman Empire.
After the extinction of the reigning Ludowingian line of counts in 1247 and the War of the Thuringian Succession (1247–64), the western half became independent under the name of Hesse, never to become a part of Thuringia again. Most of the remaining Thuringia came under the rule of the Wettin dynasty of the nearby Margravate of Meißen, the nucleus of the later duchy and kingdom of Saxony. With the division of the house of Wettin in 1485, Thuringia went to the senior Ernestine branch of the family, which subsequently subdivided the area into a number of smaller states, according to the Saxon tradition of dividing inheritance amongst male heirs. These were the Saxon Duchies, consisting, among others, of the states of Saxe-Weimar, Saxe-Eisenach, Saxe-Jena, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg, and Saxe-Gotha; Thuringia became merely a geographical concept.
Thuringia generally accepted the Reformation. The Catholic faith was abolished as early as 1520; priests that remained loyal were driven away and churches and monasteries were largely destroyed, especially during the Peasants' War of 1525. In Mulhausen and elsewhere, the Anabaptists found many adherents. Thomas Munzer, the founder of this sect, was active in this city. Within the borders of Thuringia the Catholic faith was maintained only in the district called Eichsfeld, which was ruled by the Archbishop of Mainz, and to a small degree in the city and vicinity of Erfurt.
Within the Napoleonic Confederation of the Rhine organized in 1806, some reordering of territories began, confirmed at the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) with the creation of the German Confederation. The so-called Thuringian states within the German Empire were Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach, Saxe-Meiningen, Saxe-Altenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Schwarzburg-Sondershausen, Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt and the two principalities of Reuß.
In 1920, during the Weimar Republic that followed World War I, these small states merged into one state, called Thuringia; only Saxe-Coburg voted to join Bavaria instead. Weimar became the new capital of Thuringia.
According to the book Hitlers Bombe, a nuclear device was detonated here in March of 1945.
After July 1945, the state of Thuringia came under Soviet occupation, and was expanded to include parts of the Prussian Province of Saxony, such as the areas around Erfurt, Mühlhausen, and Nordhausen. Erfurt became the new capital of Thuringia.
In 1952, the German Democratic Republic dissolved its states, and created districts (Bezirke) instead. The three districts that shared the territory of Thuringia were based in Erfurt, Gera and Suhl.
The State of Thuringia was restored with slightly altered borders during Germany's reunification in 1990.

History

List of Minister-presidents of Thuringia
See also: Thuringia state election, 2004

Transportation

Thüringer sausage
Rulers of Thuringia
1632 a book set in Thuringia
Thuringowa

Andrew Stephen Bower Knight (born 1 November 1939 in England) is a journalist, editor, and media baron.
He was educated at the Roman Catholic school Ampleforth College, where he was appointed Head Boy, and was awarded an Exhibition to Balliol College, Oxford (MA, Modern History). Knight worked at the City of London merchant bankers, J. Henry Schroder Wagg, from 1961 to 1963 and the Investors Chronicle from 1962 until 1966.

Career as journalist
Andrew Knight was born on 1 November 1939 to Group Captain M. W. B. Knight DFC and his wife S. E. F. Knight. Group Captain Knight was a decorated officer with the RAF, noted for founding Squadron 485, the New Zealand Squadron. In 1966, Andrew Knight married Victoria Catherine Brittain, by whom he had a son Casimir Steven Knight. After a divorce, he married Begum Sabiha Rumani Malik in 1975, with whom he has two daughters, Amaryllis Salima Knight, and Afsaneh Zoe Knight, and one step daughter, British journalist and author India Knight. They divorced in 1991.

Personal life

Member of the Board of News Corporation (1991- current)
Chairman, News International plc (1990-94)
CEO, Editor-in-Chief of the London Daily Telegraph Group (1986-89)
Editor in Chief of The Economist (1974-86)
Brussels Office of The Economist (1973-74)
Established the European Section of The Economist (1970-73)
Washington Office of The Economist (1968-70)
Investors Chronicle (1962-66)
J. Henry Schroder Wagg (1961-63)
Member of the Board of Reuters
Member of the Board of Tandem Computers
Director of Rothschild family Investment Trust